<p>Third Street Bridge is a bridge in Cannon Falls, Minnesota that crosses the Cannon River. It is a Pennsylvania through truss bridge constructed of steel. The bridge is 184.3 ft long and 17.7 ft wide. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. It is also part of the "Iron and Steel Bridges in Minnesota" Multiple Property Nomination.</p><br>
<p>The Minnesota Highway Commission did not have design control over many bridges built in the state in the early 20th century, but they were able to influence the plans via financial incentives. Louis P. Wolff, who also designed Bridge No. 12 in Goodhue County, designed the plans for this bridge, and the city of Cannon Falls sought funding from the state. The state highway commission made some minor changes to the plans before approving them. The Pennsylvania through truss design is relatively uncommon in Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>An August 2014 report on the bridge points out that the bridge is in fair to poor condition and is posted with a weight limit of 5 tons. When the bridge was inspected, the stringers and floorbeams were corroded, the paint was failing, the bridge bearings were frozen in place, and the concrete abutments and wing walls were scaled and cracked.</p><br>
<p>Medlicott Dome is a prominent granite dome in Yosemite high country. It is located on the southeast side of Tioga Road, between Mariolumne Dome and Dozier Dome, near Pywiack Dome, the Cathedral lakes, and Fairview Dome. It is popular with climbers, hikers and backpackers due to relative ease of access and ascent, as well as scenic views of Yosemite.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>Medlicott Dome has a large number of climbing routes, most of which are bolted faces with occasional cracks and offwidths. These include:</p><br>
<p>Shagadellic</p><br>
<p>Ceibola</p><br>
<p>Goldmember</p><br>
<p>Super Chicken</p><br>
<p>Piss Easy</p><br>
<p>Bachar-Yerian climbed in 1981 by John Bachar and Dave Yerian.</p><br>
<p>Peace, first climbed in 1995 by Ron Kauk and Chris Falkenstein and featured in the movie Masters of Stone IV.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The dome was named after Henry P. Medlicott. In 1882, with H. B. Carpenter, Medlicott surveyed the Great Sierra Wagon Road (now known as Tioga Road) through Yosemite. Henry P. Medlicott was a judge and US Deputy Mineral Surveyor from Lundy, California. The original name of the peak, recorded in 1870, was "Court House Rock." In 1882, a mining publication referred to it as "Mount Medlicott". The present name, first recorded in 1883, initially appeared on a quadrangle map in 1956.</p><br>
<p>Currajong is a heritage-listed detached house at 5 Castling Street, West End, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1887 to 1888. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Currajong is a large, single-storeyed timber residence which was built between 1887 and 1888 for Alfred MacKenzie who was a manager of the Australian Joint Stock Bank and had been a pioneer of the sugar industry in north Queensland. It was initially situated amongst other suburban villas in the then fashionable area along the road to Charters Towers.</p><br>
<p>In 1885, subsection 4 of section 3 of portion 2A parish of Coonambelah was purchased from the estate of Robert Towns by Gilbert Francis Elliott. The following year he sold the land to his brother-in-law, Alfred Peter MacKenzie. In 1870, MacKenzie, together with his brother and sister, had pioneered sugar growing at Gairlock, near the present town of Ingham. It was not successful and MacKenzie worked for the AJS Bank at Charters Towers before being appointed to the branch in Townsville. At sometime during the period between September 1887, when MacKenzie was living in Stanton Hill, and during October 1888 when he wrote to the Divisional Board from his new property on the Fullham Road, Currajong was built.</p><br>
<p>In 1889, MacKenzie was transferred to Toowoomba and the property was sold in 1890 to Alfred Hunt. Hunt had major interests in mining and had been a member of the partnership which owned the Great Cumberland Mine at Georgetown. This had been sold in 1885 at a great profit and the proceeds financed investments in the pastoral industry, including Carpentaria Downs. Currajong is said to have been named after seedlings brought by Hunt from Carpentaria Downs to plant around the house. While in Townsville, Hunt was a director of the North Queensland Meat Export and Agency Company, the Townsville Newspaper Company (publisher of the Townsville Daily Bulletin and the North Queensland Herald) and the Townsville Gas and Coke Company. He died in 1901 and his widow, Mary, continued to live at Currajong until she died in 1926.</p><br>
<p>In March 1926 the house was sold to John Joseph Fanning who was well known in business circles as the North Queensland manager of the National Mutual Life Assurance Company. He was also an identity in racing circles and rode as an amateur jockey and show rider. He owned horses and was a highly regarded judge of them. During his day, the stables at Currajong were well known. He was transferred to Brisbane in 1929 and died in 1931, whereon Currajong passed to James and Jessie Ferguson, whose background was in the pastoral industry. They occupied the house until the outbreak of World War II, when it was requisitioned by the RAAF as a Medical Receiving Station.</p><br>
<p>In order to convert the building to a medical facility, some changes were made to the layout of the rooms, although the form of the building was not changed. As the core consisted of two rooms on either side of a central hall, two of which were linked by an open arch, the wall between two bedrooms on the other side was removed to create two large wards. An operating theatre was added and toilets and showers were installed.</p><br>
<p>Although the building was initially intended to act as a training centre, it saw urgent use in 1942 when it received casualties from the fighting at Milne Bay. In December 1944, it was decided that the medical centre was no longer needed and the staff vacated the house by January of the following year.</p><br>
<p>Mr and Mrs Ferguson did not return to the house after the war and it was purchased by the Redemptionist Fathers for use as a monastery in 1945. In 1955 the property passed to the Sisters of Mercy and the buildings of the new Mater Hospital were erected in the grounds over the next few years. Currajong, however, remained in use as a residence for the Sisters.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the land on which Currajong stood was needed for the expansion of the hospital and the house was scheduled for demolition. A major effort by the local branch of the National Trust of Queensland, Townsville City Council and the Sisters of Mercy enabled the house to be saved. A Federal grant was also secured to enable its transference to a new site at Castling Street, West End.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Currajong is now located at 5 Castling Street, West End as part of a museum complex which includes a miner&#39;s cottage and a 1920s farmhouse. Currajong backs onto the street, overlooking Council parkland. It is a large, single storeyed timber dwelling raised on low brick piers. It has a hipped roof clad in corrugated iron. The house is surrounded by wide verandahs supported by timber posts with decorative brackets and cross braced balustrading. There is a timber staircase with matching balustrading at the side of the house. The main stair to the front entrance is cement rendered and curves to widen at ground level.</p><br>
<p>The house contains seven rooms, two with verandah annexes. The core consists of four rooms paired on either side of a hall. An arched opening divides the rooms which originally were dining and drawing rooms.</p><br>
<p>It is interpreted as a conjectural Townsville interior furnished to demonstrate the lifestyle of an affluent family of the period.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Currajong was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Currajong is significant for demonstrating the lifestyle of several families who were prominent in the development of north Queensland. Its conversion for use as a military medical facility in World War II reflects the importance of Townsville in the conduct of the war in the Pacific.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Although it has been relocated, Currajong is a good and early example of a large, late nineteenth century timber residence in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>Townsville West State School is a heritage-listed former state school at 29 Ingham Road, West End, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1921 to 1939. It is also known as Townsville and District Education Centre and Memorial Gates. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 October 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Townsville West State School, designed by the Queensland Government Architects Office was opened on the 10 June 1939. Costing £28,200, the school was built during the Depression by local workers employed under the Unemployment Relief Scheme. The school building of 1937-9 is the second of three Townsville West State Schools constructed within the same school grounds. The first, constructed in 1886-7, was one of the earliest public schools of Townsville.</p><br>
<p>Early settlement in Townsville spread along the beach in the present North Ward area, with the commercial centre located along the bank of Ross Creek in the present Flinders Street East area. As the town developed settlement spread south-west along the track to the hinterland which was an extension of Flinders Street. By 1868 the West End Cemetery had been established along the track in the area known as West End. By 1878 the Carrier Arms Hotel, a soap and candle factory in Morris St, the Townsville Gas and Coke Co and the Townsville Brewery Co had sprang up in the new suburb. The North Queensland Pastoral and Agricultural Association was formed on 19 December 1879 and the stockyards and ring were constructed soon after in their present location on Ingham Road.</p><br>
<p>West End, along with neighbouring suburbs, saw a second wave of population growth after the completion of railway facilities in the North Yards in the early 1880s. Along Ingham Road the West End Hotel (1885) and St Mary&#39;s Catholic Church (1888) both survive from this period.</p><br>
<p>The rising population triggered the need for a school in West End. On 22 April 1884 the Mayor, Henry Barbenson le Touzel Hubert, made an application for a school reserve to be set aside in the West End area. A reserve of four acres was established with some of the land being excised from the nearby cemetery reserve (West End Cemetery). Because of the growth of the suburb it was estimated that the school would need to accommodate 400 students.</p><br>
<p>By 11 January 1886 tenders had been called for the construction of a timber school building, out-buildings and a head teacher&#39;s residence. Townsville West State School was built with government funding and a one-fifth subscription from the local community as required under the State Education Act of 1875. The school was opened on 21 March 1887.</p><br>
<p>By 1919 Townsville West was the third largest school in Queensland with an enrolment of 1150 students and a staff of thirty-three.</p><br>
<p>Gladys Moncrieff, one of Australia&#39;s most famous singers, attended the school during the first years of the twentieth century. The school has a perpetual trophy in her name for singing at the Townsville Juvenile Eisteddfod.</p><br>
<p>The school has also honoured students and teachers who served, and in some cases died, during WWI, by erecting both honour boards in the entrance foyer, and memorial gates. Because both memorials contain the same number of names it is thought that the honour boards were installed soon after the war. However, in 1921 the school community apparently decided to remember their past students in a more tangible way by erecting War Memorial Gates at the entrance to the school. A fete was held and £542 was raised, of which £430 was used to construct the gates which stand at the main school entrance on Ingham Rd. 200 names inscribed on marble tablets are attached to the arched gateway. This memorial was dedicated on Friday 9th December 1921. Close to Anzac Day each year the school still holds a ceremony to honour past students who have served in the armed services in both world wars and other military conflicts.</p><br>
<p>By the 1930s the area had grown to the extent that the original school building was seen as inadequate. The old building was thought to be poorly ventilated and lacking light, so it was decided to construct the present building. Some of the old school buildings were pulled down and the timber was used to construct hospitals on Palm and Fantome Islands. The head teacher&#39;s House was sold and re-located at 17 Truscott Street, Garbutt and the kindergarten building was given to the Townsville Grammar School.</p><br>
<p>On 18 September 1937, the Jubilee Year of Townsville West State School, the foundation stone of the new school was laid by the Hon Maurice Hynes, MLA, Secretary for Labour and Industry. Plans were prepared in the Queensland Government Architect&#39;s Office of the Department of Public Works. The new building, which cost £28,200, was opened by the Hon Harry Bruce, MLA, Minister for Public Works and Public Instruction, on 10 June 1939. The Chief Architect at the time was Andrew Baxter Leven (1885-1966). Leven was born, educated and worked as an Inspector of Works in Scotland before migrating to Australia. From 1910 to 1951 he was employed by the Queensland Government Works Department and was Chief Architect and Quantity Surveyor from 1933 to 1951. Other members of the office involved in design were Frederick Thomas Jellett and Harold James Parr.</p><br>
<p>Thirty brick schools of similar design to Townsville West were constructed in Queensland during the Depression. They were built as part of a Queensland Government initiative to provide impetus to the flagging economy through an active capital works program.</p><br>
<p>The school was constructed of brick and concrete. The whole of the ground floor, all corridors, hat and cloak rooms, and staircases were built in concrete, all other floors were made of hardwood. The building contained twenty-one classrooms situated on the first and second floors. 832 students could be accommodated in the new classrooms. There was also a woodwork room and a dressmaking classroom on the first floor, accommodating twenty students each. A head teachers room, two staff teachers rooms and hat and cloak rooms were also provided. Some of the classrooms on each of the first and second floors had folding partitions. Storerooms and toilets for male and female teachers, boys and girls and infants were located on the ground floor. The remainder of the ground floor space was utilised as play space. A complete drainage system was installed and the school grounds were graded and leveled.</p><br>
<p>First floor facilities in the new school building allowed for the commencement of domestic science and manual training. It was the only school in Townsville with such facilities and students from other areas visited the school once a week to receive tuition. At the beginning of 1942 Townsville became a restricted military zone with up to 90,000 military personnel stationed in the city and surrounding district. Townsville West State School, like many other schools, was commandeered by the military and a first aid post and convalescence ward were established on the first floor. Classes for Volunteer Aid Detachments (VADs) were held, dressmaking classes for the Women&#39;s Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF), first aid classes, various classes for the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) as well as community meetings. In September 1942, the 5th Australian Transport Unit under the command of Major Douglas, camped in the grounds under the fig trees at the rear of the school. These units used the school water supply and shared the ablutions with hospital patients.</p><br>
<p>During 1943 the medical facilities were moved out of the school. Some school classes reopened from August 3 and all classes were operating again by October 1943. However, the site was not completely vacated by the Australian Army until 31 March 1946.</p><br>
<p>Student enrolments peaked at about 1000 after the war and then began to decline. The decline was exacerbated by an Education Department policy decision to move Grade Eight from primary to secondary school in 1963. To boost numbers the school began accepted both physically and intellectual disabled students after 1957. The school was seen as specially suited to the needs of these students because of the domestic science and manual arts facilities. However, the location of these facilities on the first floor and the toilets on the ground floor created difficulties for disabled students. Eventual, all students and most school activities were moved to new school buildings on Wilson Street, behind the 1939 building.</p><br>
<p>When the Townsville Teachers College opened in 1969, West End State School was utilised as a Demonstration School for student teachers.</p><br>
<p>The building withstood the devastation of Cyclone Althea which hit Townsville on the 24th December, 1971. In the aftermath of the cyclone the Home Science room was opened to the community so that people could cook their meals. The Salvation Army also used the school as a relief centre, where they made bread, milk and blocks of ice available for several weeks after the cyclone.</p><br>
<p>In 1975 the Townsville and District Education Centre (TADEC) was established in one room of the school and by 1981 had expanded into half the building. TADEC, which is still operating from the building, is one of seven such centres in Queensland. It was established as a community education resource for teachers, parents and community groups and for the past twenty-three years has made a significant contribution to community education in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>In 1977 an environmental study area was established in the school grounds at the initiative of students and teachers. The area received many honours including a Greening of Australia Project award in 1987. The school grounds also contain a number of trees including large banyans, figs and blackbeans, some of which bear small plaques. The fig trees have been in the grounds since before the 1920s and mark the site of WWII military camp. Two large trees situated on either side of the Memorial Gates may be related to the First Arbour Day.</p><br>
<p>The first floor corridor contains several photographs, including a depiction of the memorial gates, a gathering of past students for the 50 year Jubilee in 1937, and an award winning choral group.</p><br>
<p>The original school bell, which is over one hundred years old, hangs in its original position above the main entrance gates.</p><br>
<p>Today the building is still utilised by the Townsville and District Education Centre, a library, conference rooms, a creche and kindergarten, manual arts and home science facilities and is a venue for a community playgroup.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Townsville West State School is a rectangular brick building of three stories, located at the intersection of Ingham Road and Sturt Street, Townsville, about two kilometres from the city centre. The building faces south addressing Ingham Road which becomes the highway north of the city. Opposite the building running parallel to the road is the northern railway line.</p><br>
<p>Set into a recess in the Ingham Road fence are the Memorial Gates. The gateway is a free-standing rendered masonry archway with a pair of wrought iron gates below. The archway has an elliptical arch with scored voussoirs, a coved cornice and scored pilasters to either side. "Their name liveth for ever" stands in relief on the cornice, with the dates "1914" and "1919" on each pilaster. The ironwork of the gates includes the words "Soldiers Memorial Gate of Honour". Mounted within the returns of the archway are two white marble tablets entitled "Honour Roll, Townsville West State School". Each tablet is inscribed with about 100 names, some marked with the letters "D", "K", "P" and "W". Behind the gateway on either side are a pair of large trees, possibly blackbeans.</p><br>
<p>The former Townsville West State School is a symmetrical building, with a linear plan on an east-west access. At the centre of the southern facade is the projecting bay of the main entry and near either end are two smaller breakfronts with secondary entries. The roof is hipped and clad in painted corrugated fibrous cement sheet, with a timber fleche at its centre. The rear or northern elevation also has two breakfronts near either end which mark the linear plan, three-storey height, and Georgian-style symmetry, proportion and massing make the building prominent within its largely domestic context.</p><br>
<p>The external walls of the two upper levels of the building are face brick, punctuated by pilasters with rendered capitals and bases and a rendered cornice. Between the pilasters are paned casement windows with awning lights above. The two upper levels sit on the rendered base of the Ground Floor which has arcades and smaller window openings.</p><br>
<p>The central bay of the southern facade is emphasised as the main entry to the building by the triangular pedimented gable, the rendered entry door surround, the double stairway and projecting further than the end bays. Also mounted over the main entry door is the school bell.</p><br>
<p>In the entry foyer on the First Floor are brass plaques commemorating the opening of the building in 1939 and the centenary of the school in 1987. In the corridor near the entry hang two large timber honour boards entitled "Roll of Honour, Teachers and Pupils who fought for the Empire in the Great War". Each board has some 100 names, some marked with "K" and "W". Also in this corridor hang several historical photographs relating to the school, including a gathering of past students for the 50 year Jubilee of the school in 1937.</p><br>
<p>The First and Second Floors contain a series of classrooms opening onto a corridor running the length of the building on the southern side. There are panelled doors with toplights and double-hung windows between the classrooms and the corridor. The high ceilings, regular external windows and internal windows and doors provide substantial natural light and cross ventilation. The floors to the classrooms are timber, whilst the floors to the corridors, stairs and utilities are concrete. The two stairways, near either end of the building, have steel balustrades, cast newels and timber handrails.</p><br>
<p>Many of the classrooms of the two upper levels are divided by panelled folding timber partitions. The four classrooms at the centre of the first floor level may all be opened to form a small auditorium with a stage at its eastern end. At the far eastern end of that level is the home science room. The ground floor level includes covered play areas, ablutions, storage areas and a workshop.</p><br>
<p>The foreground of the former Townsville West State School building is lawn, pathways and carpark, with vehicular access from Wilson Street to the east. To the west of the building fronting Ingham Road is a small vegetated lot which includes a number of native plants. The building is separated from the present school to the north by a level grassed area which has low retaining walls and remnants of the tennis courts. The present school is a number of timber and transportable buildings beneath several large banyan trees, sited near the base of Castle Hill. To the west of the school playground is the West End Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Townsville West State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 October 1998 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Opened in 1939, the former Townsville West State School, is demonstrative of a government scheme, the Unemployment Relief Scheme, implemented to assist the unemployed throughout Queensland, by means of generating work projects, during the Depression of the 1930s. The school, constructed during an era of substantial building activity, is one of four surviving, intact schools of the period in North Queensland, including Ayr State High School.</p><br>
<p>The former Townsville West State School Memorial Gates, constructed in 1921, are an example of a relatively small number of this type of memorial. War Memorials are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state. They provide evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War. Two timber honour boards located in the a corridor of the building also list names of former students and teachers who served in WWI.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former Townsville West State School Memorial Gates, constructed in 1921, are an example of a relatively small number of this type of memorial.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is a fine example of a two-storeyed Inter-war brick school.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Due to its massing and scale, the building is a landmark in the suburban streetscape, in keeping with the Queensland Government&#39;s 1930s policy to raise the educational status of primary education through the construction of well designed, imposing buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The building has a strong association with the local community. The grounds on which the former Townsville West State School is built has been the site for over a century of public education for the West End and Townsville community. The building has also been the centre of a variety of community activity in the past, including the use, during WWII, of the building and grounds for a military encampment and convalescent ward and for community meetings and classes. During the emergency period following Cyclone Althea in 1971, the building was utilised as a community relief centre.</p><br>
<p>Taabinga Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead at 7 Old Taabinga Road, Haly Creek, South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1846 to 1864. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<p>The homestead is the main building of the 318 acre Taabinga Station, and now operates as a homestay, providing bed and breakfast accommodation to tourists, as well as regular farm tours.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Taabinga run was originally taken up by the Haly brothers in the 1840s and the main residence was developed during the 1840s and 1850s. Most of the outbuildings on the homestead site were built during the 1890s and early 1900s when Arthur Youngman was owner of the property.</p><br>
<p>The explorations of Henry Stuart Russell in the Burnett district during the early 1840s mark a watershed in the pastoral history of Queensland. Following the closure of Moreton Bay as a penal colony, Russell led the search for land north of Brisbane and the Darling Downs. He first arrived in Queensland in 1840 to stay with cousins on the Darling Downs and by 1842 he was the first European to pass through what was later to become Taabinga. Russell&#39;s expeditions in the Burnett had opened a district of rich grazing and agricultural land, and in 1843 he took up Burrandowan run on the Borne River as a sheep station.</p><br>
<p>Other squatters soon followed Russell and it was brothers Charles Robert and William O&#39;Grady Haly who first settled on Taabinga station. The Haly brothers had arrived in Australia from Newfoundland in 1838 and settled on the Hunter River before moving to the Gwydir River. From there they assembled a team of men and some 5,000 sheep and travelled north through the Logan district during the early 1840s in search of land. Shearing records indicate the Haly brothers had settled Taabinga station by 1846, at which time it was an established sheep property covering 305 square miles. Despite their early occupation of the land, the Haly brothers did not apply for a lease over Taabinga until June 1850, which was granted on 10 February 1852 for a term of 14 years. By 1853, Charles Haly was at Tamrookum in the Logan district, where he married Rosa Harpur and was to remain until at least 1854. During this time it is most likely that either William Haly or a superintendent was managing Taabinga station. When William Haly returned to England in 1859, Charles became sole lessee of Taabinga and the following year was elected to the first Queensland Legislative Assembly as the member for the Burnett. In 1863 he acquired a freehold over 314 acres of the run and remained at the property until 1875 when he moved to Dalby.</p><br>
<p>While documentary evidence for the physical development of Taabinga is non-existent, Hector Munro, who was the son of George Munro, onetime manager of Boondooma station, and who was a friend of the Haly family, described the first structure at Taabinga as a hut:"built with bark, then perpendicular slabs with a ground floor and bark roof. The house known as the Boss&#39;s residence was built with pit saw and timber foundation logs of wood, squared on one side with walls of horizontal slabs and floor in boards of pit saw and roof shingles".From these rudimentary structures the homestead site gained more permanent buildings. It is claimed that the first part of the main residence, which still stands today, was constructed during the 1840s and was developed through to the 1850s. According to the Alford family, who later acquired Taabinga and whose papers have been published as Alford Family Notes, Charles Haly began residing at Taabinga with his family in the late 1850s, just prior to becoming sole lessee of the property. An article in The Queenslander in 1924 indicates the continued development of the homestead site in this period: "Sixty-seven years ago where now stands this beautiful, and complete home, was little better than wild, crude bush". The freeholding of a portion of the Taabinga run by Charles Haly in 1863 would seem to indicate the existence of the main residence by this time. Its western wall is built from locally quarried sandstone and the cedar was obtained from the Bunya Mountains while the timber for the hardwood floors was taken from the property itself. At much the same time that the main residence was being constructed it is believed that the Halys also built the stockyards and stables. The stables, which remain well preserved, are located on an adjoining lot, however the stockyards were damaged in a fire during the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>On 27 March 1875, Charles Haly was preparing to sell his interests in Taabinga and the Brisbane Courier reported he had "received what is considered a good offer... and it is not unlikely that the station may shortly change hands". Two months later the Brisbane Courier reported that Taabinga, with some 3,000 head of stock, was just about "ready to hand over. A short time after, it is understood, Mr Haly and family will take their departure from the station". By October 1875, James Henderson, Boulton Molineaux and Thomas Littlejohn had acquired both the leasehold and freehold portions of Taabinga. The following year the leasehold was transferred to Thomas Littlejohn and Thomas Alford, and Richard Symes Alford, brother of Thomas, was charged with managing the property. Thomas Alford was originally from Drayton and by the mid-1870s had an interest in Coochin Coochin station, where he lived, as well as Gwambagwine station. At the time of Halys departure from Taabinga station both sheep and cattle were on the run, but Alfords prime interest in the property was in expanding the cattle breeding programmes of Coochin Coochin and Gwambagwine. In 1883, Thomas was registered as the sole owner of the leasehold and freehold portions of Taabinga and moved there to live after his brother, Richard, relinquished the position as manager of the station. Thomas remained at Taabinga until a riding accident in 1887 forced him to sell his interests in the estate.</p><br>
<p>Arthur Youngman, who was a close friend of Richard Symes Alford, took up the leasehold and freehold portions of Taabinga in 1888 from Thomas Alford. Youngman was born in Melbourne in 1862 and after an abortive attempt to study medicine he moved to Queensland to work as a jackaroo. He was relatively inexperienced at pastoral life, having gained his first taste at Rawbelle station before purchasing Taabinga, but benefited from the continued employment of John William Walters who had served as head stockman at Taabinga since the mid-1870s. Youngman was also able to call on Richard Symes Alford to return to Taabinga as a bookkeeper. Youngman built a house, once known as The Lodge, to accommodate Alford and his family, but this was not the only improvement made to the property during Youngman&#39;s time there. An article on Youngman in the Queensland Trustees Quarterly Review in March 1951 noted that when "he first took possession of Taabinga he began to improve the property by a policy of ringbarking the heavily-timbered country, by the planting of artificial grasses... and by subdividing the large paddocks into smaller and more workable areas".</p><br>
<p>A programme of rebuilding and renovation during the 1890s and early 1900s resulted in the homestead being modernized and expanded, as noted in The Queenslander in 1924: "Modern in all comforts and conveniences, the home (which has been added to of late years) is distinctly charming in its simple, old-fashioned architecture". Most of the outbuildings also date from Youngmans time at Taabinga and they remain in a well-conserved state as part of the homestead complex. These include a garage, store and meat house for which Brisbane architects HW Atkinson and Charles McLay called tenders in March 1909. Similarly, the gardens that surround the main residence are today a reminder of Youngmans improvements to Taabinga. The Brisbane Courier in 1932 described the gardens as "one of the most glorious... that any one could possibly wish to see. In it Mr Youngman has personally expended much energy, and he has every reason to be proud of his achievement".</p><br>
<p>While the homestead block remained unaffected, the increasing demand for land in the Burnett district had reduced the Taabinga run during Youngmans time there. Early resumptions had occurred during Thomas Alfords tenure, reducing the size of the leased land from the original 305 square miles to 154 square miles at the time of Youngman&#39;s succession. Further resumptions occurred in 1901 and 1907, and in August 1911 the government resumed the whole of the run under the Crown Land Act of 1897. Youngman was compensated &pound;11,745 being the value of the resumed land, improvements and legal costs.</p><br>
<p>Youngman remained at Taabinga until his death in 1935. He was buried in the cemetery located within the homestead complex, and title to the property was held in trust by Frederick Septimus Lee, Queensland Trustees and Youngmans wife, Florence Daphne Youngman. In 1958, Roderick Gordon Graham replaced Lee as one of the trustees of the estate and following Grahams death in 1961 Dorothy Foster McWilliam was appointed in his place. When Daphne Youngman died in 1975 her remains were buried in a plot next to her husband on the homestead site. The property was further subdivided in the 1980s, with the homestead portion remaining in the Youngman family and operated as a professional homestay.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Taabinga Homestead Complex is situated on Old Taabinga Road, off the Bunya Highway about 11km north-east of Kumbia and 15km south-west of Kingaroy. It consists of a main homestead building, a number of associated outbuildings, the remnants of an extensive, carefully tended garden, a tennis court, and a small cemetery. The outbuildings include a kitchen, dairy, meat house, carpenter/blacksmith&#39;s workshop, and grain store, as well as garages, cottages, and stables. The main approach to the complex, and the front face of the property, is from the east. The outbuildings have been located in a zone to the west behind the homestead building.</p><br>
<h3>House</h3><br>
<p>The single-storey house is made of two gable-roofed sections, with broken-back extensions. Together they form a long, rectangular plan shape, the long sides of which are oriented toward the east and west. The northern section of the house is wider than the other by approximately 2m. This additional width extends to the west, on the rear elevation. The roof to the southern section of the house is slightly lower than the other, though its steep pitch is the same. A broken-back skirt of roof is created on its three exposed sides. On the eastern elevation, the long plane of roof set at a secondary pitch continues past the northern segment of the house, making a separate verandah roof. This roof bends to meet the wall of the first storey lookout, which nestles under the high ridge of the gable roof. A sandstone chimneystack projects from the site where the two main gable roofs join, near their ridgelines. Two sandstone chimneystacks project through the line where the roof changes pitch on the western side of the northern section of the house. On this elevation, where the two parts meet, the roof to the northern section is stepped back. This marks a narrow corridor and stair that separates the two sections. All roof planes are clad in corrugated iron, and unless otherwise stated this is the case with the roofs of other buildings in the complex.</p><br>
<p>A large proportion of the exterior walls to the northern section of the house are constructed of sandstone ashlar that is approximately 60cm deep. The sills and flat arches to windows and doors in these walls are also made of sandstone. The windows on the western elevation are timber-framed casements with a total of 3 lights in each sash, while the doors are five-panelled. In the short corridor between the two sections of the house, the ashlar is topped with weatherboard cladding. The exterior walls to the east and north-facing verandah areas are clad in wide chamferboards and have exposed timber framing. The northern gable end of this section of the house, and its first-storey lookout are clad in weatherboards. The lookout is open to the east and north, and its rails and balusters are timber. Fitted above these, framing each view, are simple, single-board timber brackets and valances. The verandah roof is supported by a series of square timber posts, which have simple timber capitals and are scored on their outward-facing sides. A scalloped fascia runs the length of the verandah roof&#39;s edge. The sloping ceiling to the verandah is lined with single-beaded, tongue-and-groove boards, while the floor is clad in shot-edge timber boards. Each double door opening onto the verandah has a low waist, 4 lights in each leaf, and a 2-paned fanlight.</p><br>
<p>The exterior walls to the southern section of the house are largely clad in chamferboards, except for a small section on the western facade, which is clad in wide, vertical timber slabs. A square verandah area occupies the south-east corner of this section of the house. The windows on the eastern facade are casements, except for a fixed pane of glass separating two double doors with upper lights. Two large windows on the southern-most end of this elevation have low sills when compared with the remaining ones. They each have three sashes, which are then divided into 6 lights. The remaining casement windows each have three sashes with only single lights. On the southern facade, the three windows match those described as having comparatively low sill heights, except they feature four sashes rather than three. A wide section of the western facade steps back towards the interior of the structure, separating the chamferboard and slab claddings. This stepped section is clad in wide, vertical timber boards.</p><br>
<h3>House Interior</h3><br>
<p>The southern section of the house is divided into two large rooms by a timber bi-fold door. The ceiling is coved and lined with tongue-and- groove timber boards. A long timber beam supported by timber posts supports the change in pitch of the roof. The single fireplace has a timber mantel and the wall it opens out of appears to be plastered.</p><br>
<p>The northern section of the house is divided into a number of rooms. Two large ones abut the eastern verandah, sit under the main gable, and are divided by a set of 6-panel timber bi-fold doors. Each room has a fireplace with a simple timber mantelpiece and curved back. The walls are lined with fibrous cement sheeting, which have beaded joints. They were originally lined with paper on hessian. The walls of the chimneys are painted stone. The ceilings are lined with wide, single-beaded tongue-and-groove boards, with timber cornices. Under the secondary pitch of the roof, facing west, there are a number of bedrooms. A corridor, parallel with the stairs, is situated at the southern end of this wing. It allows entry to the larger rooms behind.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that the stairs situated between the two parts of the house, lead to a corridor running under the main ridge to the upper storey lookout.</p><br>
<h3>Kitchen</h3><br>
<p>The kitchen building is located a few metres to the west of the sandstone section of the house, with a gable-roofed walkway connecting the two. It has a hipped roof with broken-back wings along the northern and southern sides. The ridgeline runs perpendicular to that of the houses gable roofs. The exterior walls are clad in a combination of vertical slabs and weatherboards. On the eastern facade is a double-hung sash window with hand-drawn glass, and on the opposite facade there is a bank of casements, possibly dating from late 1900s to early 1920s. To the south, a square open section, occupies the middle of the kitchens slab facade. A single board door opens onto the interior from here. A french door with 8 lights in each sash opens off the kitchen onto a semi-enclosed verandah area on the northern facade. On the interior, the floors are covered with linoleum, the walls are lined with wide, single-beaded tongue-and-groove boards, and the ceiling is unlined, revealing the original shingles. The roof beams are adzed and the battens are pit-sawn.</p><br>
<h3>Dairy</h3><br>
<p>The dairy is located about 10m to the west of the house and 7m to the south of the kitchen building. It has a high-pitched pyramid roof clad in tiles (scale), the deep overhang of which is supported by simple timber braces. The sloping eaves are lined with wide, single-beaded tongue-and-groove boards. On the exterior, the walls are clad to sill-height with weatherboards, and above this with panels of galvanised metal louvres set in timber frames. The square-plan structure sits on a concrete slab-on-ground, and 2 ventilation blocks are fitted in each wall at slab level. Inside, the walls are lined with timber workbenches, and below and above the metal louvres are single-beaded tongue-and-groove boards. The ceiling is lined with shot-edge timber boards.</p><br>
<h3>Cottage 1 (Single Men's Quarters)</h3><br>
<p>This building was originally located on the other side of the stables, but was moved during the Second World War to accommodate women and children evacuees. It is currently located approximately 10m from the south-east corner of the house. The external walls are clad in weatherboards and the windows are casements.</p><br>
<h3>Meat House</h3><br>
<p>The meat house is located in a cluster of buildings over 35m to the west of the house, and adjacent to the tennis court. It has a short-ridge hipped roof, the fourth, north-eastern side of which has been cut back. On the remaining three sides the roof forms an overhang about 2m deep that is supported by timber posts. On the south-western elevation the edge of the roof is finished with a half-metre wide, solid valance of shot-edge timber boards. The building sheltering under the roof sits on a concrete slab-on-ground. The walls are clad in weatherboards to a height off the ground of approximately 600mm. A timber sill separates this from the fine steel mesh, which covers the timber frame above. There are double board doors on the north-eastern elevation. Inside the meat house is divided into two rooms by a wall made with steel mesh fixed to a timber frame. There is a single board door in this wall, which extends only to the height of the top plates of the exterior walls. While the underside of the corrugated iron roof is exposed in the first room entered, in the second there is a tongue-and-groove timber board ceiling. A step in the slab also separates the two spaces. The butcher&#39;s blocks are still in place.</p><br>
<h3>Carpenter/Blacksmith's Workshop</h3><br>
<p>This building has a gabled roof, and is located about 4m to the south-east of the meat house. The walls are clad in weatherboards, and there is a large opening in its southern elevation. Inside the floor is dirt and the sawn frame is exposed on each gable end and to the roof. On a wall that divides the room lengthways, timber boards are fitted vertically to the height of the top plates of the exterior walls. There are two casement windows in the northern elevation, each with 3 lights in each sash. Large double board doors open out of the buildings eastern elevation. The forge appears to be made from a ships tank, and the anvil and bellows are also still in place.</p><br>
<h3>Garage and Chauffeur's Residence</h3><br>
<p>This building is located about 4m west of the blacksmiths. In plan it is L-shaped, and gable roofs project along each wing. A part of the roof on the shorter wing has been extended to cover a strong room made with concrete walls and a steel door. The walls are clad in weatherboards and the windows are predominantly timber double-hung sashes with two lights in each sash. The entire building sits on a concrete slab-on-ground. Inside the garage occupies the long wing. There is a single room allocated for the driver, and its walls and ceiling are lined with tongue-and-groove timber boards. There are timber board doors. The garage was built to accommodate Arthur Youngmans Rolls Royce, which was said to be the second bought in Queensland. There is a greasing pit for the car nearby, with a simple curved roof supported on timber posts.</p><br>
<h3>Store/Cottage 2</h3><br>
<p>This building is located about 4m to the south-east of the blacksmiths. It is timber framed, sits on low stumps and has a gabled roof. The walls are clad in weatherboards. The building was originally the store and the storekeepers residence.</p><br>
<h3>Grain Shed</h3><br>
<p>The grain shed is located about 15m to the south-west of the blacksmith&#39;s. It was originally used to store grain in bulk; however it is now used as a theatre. It has a low-pitched gable roof and sits on low timber stumps. The walls are clad in weatherboards and the awning windows are made of timber boards. Entry is gained via a short flight of timber stairs on the north-eastern facade. Inside the floor is lined with timber tongue-and-groove boards. The seating was provided by the Princess Cinema in Mount Gravatt, Brisbane. Adjacent to the north-west of this building is an open gable-roofed barn supported by rough timber poles.</p><br>
<h3>Stables</h3><br>
<p>The stables are located about 10m to the west of the grain shed and hay barn (on an adjoining allottment). It is a long narrow structure with a low-pitched gable roof. The wall and roof framing is constructed of timber stumps and poles, and vertical slabs are fitted in between those to the walls. Its north-eastern facade has a single opening, while the opposing one has a number of them. A number of stalls are separated from the western yard with rails. The three sections the building is divided into on the interior are made with top plate height slab walls.</p><br>
<h3>Cemetery</h3><br>
<p>The cemetery is located over 200m to the east of the homestead, and can be accessed via a secondary track. One grave, with an elaborate headstone and metal railings surrounding it, is that of two Haly children who died in 1858. They were Anastasia (1 year) and Charles (13 months), who died within weeks of each other suggesting they may have been twins. Another grave belongs to Matilda Baker (3 years). The headstone records that she died in 1864, and was the child of George and Bridgetta Baker who were employed by the Halys. Another early grave belongs to a stockman, Henry Weldon, who died at age 19 years in 1869. The headstone&#39;s inscription reads "Boast not thyself of tomorrow for thou knowest not what a day may bring forth". As they are weathering, small metal, inscribed plaques have been affixed to these headstones by members of the Leu family. Arthur Youngman, who died in 1935, and his wife Daphne who died in 1975, are both buried here. The cemetery is currently in use, as later family members have been interred there. The current owners tell a story, which suggests that 8 graves marked by local boulders belong to Aboriginal children.</p><br>
<h3>Gardens</h3><br>
<p>There appear to be remnants of the gardens established by Arthur Youngman. On either side of the entry to the homestead complex, to the north-east of the house, stand two large palms. The area to the east of the house is covered in lawn. A Bunya pine stands to the north of the house. Adjacent to the south-western corner of the house stands another tall pine.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Taabinga Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Taabinga station was established in the 1840s by the Haly brothers in the wake of Henry Stuart Russell&#39;s exploration of the Burnett district in 1842. The development of Taabinga is an important part of the pastoral history of Queensland, and the site stands as testimony to the emergence of Taabinga as one of the earliest principal pastoral holdings in the Burnett district. The physical expansion of the site, especially during the 1890s and early 1900s, reflects the growth of the Queensland rural economy during this period.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The principal built elements of Taabinga include the main residence built between the 1840s and 1850s, as well as the kitchen; dairy; single mens quarters; meat house; carpenter/blacksmiths workshop; garage and chauffeur&#39;s residence; storehouse; grain shed; and cemetery. Most of these structures were built during the 1890s and early 1900s. The stables, reputedly erected around the same time as the main residence, are now located on an adjoining lot. The survival of these structures in a well-preserved state provides an example of an early homestead setting, and the relationship between these elements contribute to an understanding of early station life and as such it is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Homestead site provides a well-preserved example of vernacular architecture of the Queensland pastoral frontier and its aesthetic significance is enhanced by its picturesque setting within mature landscaped gardens. The main residence exhibits a high degree of workmanship and design, and its use of local resources for building highlights the adaptive lifestyle of Queensland&#39;s pastoral pioneers.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Taabinga has a special association with brothers Charles Robert and William O&#39;Grady Haly, who were early pioneers of the Logan and Burnett regions. The site also has a special association with the Youngman family. Arthur Youngman was responsible for the development of the homestead complex during the 1890s and early 1900s and the property remains in the Youngman family.</p><br>
<p>Ugam Range  is a mountain range in South Kazakhstan Region of Kazakhstan and Tashkent Region in Uzbekistan. It is part of Western Tian Shan. The range runs from northeast to southwest; in the northeast, it joins the Talas Alatau; in the southwest, it gradually flattens towards the valley of the Syr Darya. The total length of Ugam Range is approximately 100 km, the highest peaks are over 4,000 m. It marks the border between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.</p><br>
<p>Pskem Range runs parallel to Ugam Range to the south, and the Pskem River valley separates the ranges. The Pskem enters the Charvak Reservoir, which has the only outflow, the Chirchiq River, a major right tributary of the Syr Darya. The upper Chirchiq valley and the reservoir are bounded by Ugam Range from the north. The rivers on the northern slopes of the range flow to the Ugam River, a right tributary of the Chirchiq.</p><br>
<p>In Uzbekistan, Ugam Range is located within Bostanliq District of Tashkent Region. In Kazakhstan, it is shared between Tole Bi and Kazygurt Districts of South Kazakhstan Region.</p><br>
<p>Ugam-Chatkal National Park is partially located on the southern slopes of Ugam Range.</p><br>
<p>The Carrigan Lane Historic District encompasses four residential structures on or near Carrigan Lane in Bennington, Vermont. All were built between 1875 and 1900, a period of growth in the town, by Thomas Carrigan, a machinist, and are a good example of the town&#39;s development at that time. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Carrigan Lane is a narrow gravel lane between Safford and Division Streets, northeast of central downtown Bennington. The historic district includes the two houses that flank Carrigan Lane but face Safford Street (numbers 316 and 318), and two multiunit residences behind them (numbers 1-3 and 4-10 Carrigan Lane). All are 2-1/2 story wood frame structures, basically vernacular in plan, with modest Italianate decoration, mainly on their porches. The two Safford Street houses are nearly identical in plan and appearance.</p><br>
<p>The town of Bennington experienced significant growth in its industries (mainly textile-related) in the second half of the 19th century. This growth resulted in increased demand for housing for its workers. Safford Street was laid out about 1850, extending away from Main Street, where the Safford Mills were located. Thomas Carrigan, an immigrant machinist from Ireland, moved to Bennington sometime before 1870, and was by 1880 listed as owner of the two Safford Street houses, which were built about 1875. Around 1890, when Bennington&#39;s knit goods industry began to expand, Carrigan subdivided his property, which apparently extended all the way to Division Street, and two houses were built facing Division Street, and the two multiunit buildings facing Carrigan Lane were built. The two Safford Street houses have also since been converted into multiunit housing.</p><br>
<p>Lake Emdrup  is a lake located on the border between Copenhagen and Gentofte municipalities in the Emdrup area of northern Copenhagen, Denmark. It is fed mainly with water from Utterslev Mose to the west and Gentofte Lake to the north and drains into St. Jørgen&#39;s Lake in central Copenhagen through a system of pipes. The small Emdrup Lake Park is situated at the southwestern corner of the lake. The lake and park were protected by the Conservation Authority in 1963.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake was created artificially when a dam was built on Emdrup Stream (Emdrup Bæk) to improve the supply of water to Copenhagen. The water was instead led through Lygteåen to the Ladegård Canal and into St. Jørgensens Lake. Frederik II provided for the construction of a six km water tube from Lake Emdrup to the Gammeltorv marketplace. In 1608, Christian IV installed the Caritas Well on the square. The altitude difference being 9 metres, the water pressure was adequate for a fountain to be constructed. Though ornamental in character, the well was also part of the citys water supply system.</p><br>
<p>Lake Emdrup was long known as Lundehussøen after the Lundehus Kro, an inn located on Lyngbyvej. The Caritas Well which was installed on Gammeltorv in 1608, was fed with water from Lake Emdrup.</p><br>
<h2>The site</h2><br>
<p>It is situated in the triangular area between Tuborgvej to the west, Lyngbyvej to the east and Emdrupvej to the south. It is surrounded mostly by single-family detached homes. A listed Neoclassical house from the 1800s, Søholm, stands on the north shore of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The lake has a rich birdlife. Black-headed gulls occasionally breed in the trees on the island. Other common birds at the lake are greylag goose and tufted duck.</p><br>
<h2>Use</h2><br>
<p>The lake is the site of an annual St. Hans&#39; Eve celebration. On cold winters, it is used for skating. Bathing and fishing is prohibited.</p><br>
<p>The Winterport Historic District encompasses a significant portion of the town center of Winterport, Maine. The town was mainly developed in the mid-19th century, when it served as the main winter port for Bangor, and features a high concentration of Greek Revival and Italianate architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Winterport is located in northeastern Waldo County, on the west bank of the Penobscot River. Its village center is located in the southeastern part of town, on the banks of the river. Unlike the city of Bangor, 13 mi to the north at the rivers head of navigation, the river at Winterport was always free of ice in winter. Winterport was part of Frankfort until 1860. As Bangors lumber industry boomed, Winterport also grew, as its major supply and shipping point in the winter. Its fortunes were largely ended by the Panic of 1857, resulting in a significant concentration of buildings in the village that were built in the preceding decades.</p><br>
<p>The historic extends mainly along Main Street (United States Route 1A), from Holmes Street in the south to Cove Brook (just north of Merrill Lane). Additional properties lie in the district on the roads leading toward the river, and inland along Lebanon and Elm Streets, the major roads leading into the towns interior. The district covers 170 acre and includes 150 primary buildings. Many of these are residential properties in the Greek Revival style, and were built between the 1830s and 1850s. Notable non-residential buildings include Winterports Italianate Town Hall, and four 19th-century churches, including the Winterport Congregational Church, whose design is credited to the regionally significant architect Calvin Ryder.</p><br>
<p>Bedford House, also known as the Garland Hotel, is a historic building located in Bedford, Iowa, United States. It was built in three stages. The first section was completed in 1857. Additions were completed in 1877 and 1910. Charles Steele, a local businessman, farmer, and banker, had the structure built and was its first owner. The original hotel was used as a stage coach depot until the railroad came to Bedford in 1872. It suffered some damage in a fire that destroyed five other commercial buildings in 1877. Until 1880 the building also housed a jail in the cement fruit cellar. The hotel was renamed the Hotel Garland by its new owner John Clark in 1906. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. The building started to fall into disrepair. The 1910 addition collapsed in 2004, which almost led to the building being torn down. Instead it led to a community effort to save the building.</p><br>
<p>The 1877 addition, built by Willard Barrows who owned the hotel at the time, fronts the building on Main Street. The three story brick structure features a symmetrical, a seven bay facade, with a door in the center bay and five-bay wooden porch. The cornice across the front is pressed-tin supported by brackets. It also possesses a central, protruding panel, and a low balustrade.</p><br>
<p>The Bedford Commercial Historic District encompasses most of the central business district of Bedford, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. Bedford House/Garland Hotel  is a contributing property.</p><br>
<p>The downtown area originally developed at the intersection of Court and Main Streets, oriented towards the Taylor County Courthouse. After the railroad arrived it started to develop along Main Street, which slopes gradually to the east where the railroad was located. "The Bedford Commercial Historic District is one of the best-preserved collections of brick commercial architecture dating primarily from the late nineteenth century and is a standout, in that regard, in comparison with similar communities in age and size in Iowa."</p><br>
<p>The Northwood Commercial Historic District encompasses most of the central business district along four blocks of Central Avenue in Northwood, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The district contains both frame and brick structures that are from one to three stories tall. Significant structures were built in the Queen Anne and Italianate styles. Most of the buildings in the historic district were builder/contractor designed. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries local builders H. Quandahl and James McQuarrie are associated with commercial construction. A few buildings, however, were the designs of trained architects. The Holland-Haraldson Block and the Odd Fellows-Erickson Block, were designed respectively by St. Paul, Minnesota architects Omeyer & Thori and J.L. Rood. Rood may have been designed the Index Building as well. The Emery Building was designed by Glenn L. Saxton and Hans Enger, who also had an office in St. Paul.</p><br>
<p>The site is its location adjacent to a bend on the north shore of the Shell Rock River. A staircase pathway that leads to flanking stone piers along the river are the contributing structure and one of the objects. The L.T. Dillon Clock and the Haugen Water Fountain are the other two contributing objects.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railroad-Grafton Station, also known as Grafton Depot, is a historic structure located in Grafton, Iowa, United States. The town of Grafton was surveyed and platted by the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad in 1878, and the depot was completed by the railroad the following year. The railroad was important to the economic life of the town as it was the main source for receiving consumer goods and selling agricultural products, which was the area&#39;s primary industry. The depot closed in October 1974, one of the last small town depots to close in Iowa.</p><br>
<p>The depot is a two-story, frame structure built on a brick foundation. There is a single story wing off of the back of the building. It is capped with a gable roof, with wooden brackets under the eaves. The first floor of the main block housed the waiting room and ticket office, while the second floor was the living space for the agent. The back wing housed the freight room. The first floor remains now as it was when it was a depot, with local history artifacts housed on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>Bangor House is a historic former hotel at 174 Main Street in downtown Bangor, Maine. Built in 1833-34 and repeatedly enlarged, the hotel was a major fixture in the city, and one of the nation&#39;s early high-class hotels. Now converted into apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is located on the south side of Bangor&#39;s downtown area, at the southeast corner of Main and Union Streets. The U-shaped building occupies a slightly irregular city block, and is bounded on its southern sides by May Street and Gallagher Place. It is a four-story building, built out of brick and stone, with the ground floor of its early sections built out of granite blocks, with brick walls above. Porticoed entrances face both Union and Main Streets, with a stone arcade on the ground floor supporting a four-column porch on Union Street and a simpler balustraded portico with supporting square stone columns and pilasters facing Main Street. A small balcony with large Italianate brackets stands above the Main Street entrance on the third floor.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was built in 1833-34 by group of Bangor businessmen, seeking to create a public accommodation similar to that of the Tremont House in Boston, Massachusetts, an 1829 hotel that was then regarded as one of the pinnacles of luxury accommodation. The main building has retained its exterior despite a significant number of later alterations and enlargements. Originally built in a U open to the south, the inside of the U was in 1869 filled in with a billiard hall, and wings were added to the east and south. Many of the additions have since been torn down as part of the building&#39;s conversion to apartments, replaced by residential wings that now give the building an east-facing U shape.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Dorset Village Historic District encompasses a significant portion of the village center of Dorset, Vermont. Centered at the junction of Church Street, Kent Hill Road, and Vermont Route 30, the village was developed between the late 18th and early 20th centuries, and has a number of well-preserved unusual features, including sidewalks of marble from local quarries. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, and was enlarged to the west in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Dorset is a town in northern Bennington County, in the Taconic Range of western Vermont. Its village center is in the western portion of the town, whose major north-south route, Vermont Route 30, traverses the valley of the Mettawee River. At its junction with Church Street and Kent Hill Road, Route 30 is on the east side of the river, with Church Street extending west, across the river, to West Road. These two roads form the heart of the district, which extends north and south from their junction. A cluster of wood frame commercial buildings are to be found there, along with a number of mainly 19th-century wood frame houses. Notable public buildings include the marble-faced Gothic Revival Congregational Church, and the c. 1800 Sykes Memorial Building of the Dorset Village Library. Some of the sidewalks along Church Street are faced in marble, quarried locally at some Vermont&#39;s oldest marble quarries. Extending westward along Church Street the village becomes more dispersed and residential, although there was once a gristmill adjacent to Prentiss Pond. The district also includes the Dorset Golf Links, one of the oldest golf courses in the nation (founded 1886).</p><br>
<p>The town of Dorset was chartered in 1768, and it was at the tavern of Cephas Kent (about 2 mi south of the village center), that the idea of Vermonts independence from the claims of New York and New Hampshire was first discussed in 1777. This was followed later in the year by the establishment of the Vermont Republic, which operated independently until becoming the fourteenth state in 1791. Dorset grew first as a mainly agricultural area, but received a significant boost when marble from its quarries became prized for a variety of projects nationwide. The lack of significant water power, and later of good rail connections, limited the village centers growth in the 19th century, and it was eclipsed in importance by East Dorset.</p><br>
<p>When the historic district was first listed on the National Register in 1985, it only extended as far west as Prentiss Pond, roughly midway along Church Street. It was enlarged in 1997 to include the residential areas west of the pond to West Road, extending north and south along that road for a way.</p><br>
<p>The Moorehead Stagecoach Inn is a historical building located in Ida Grove, Iowa, United States. The Western Stage Line began to operate stagecoaches from Lizzard Point  to Sergeant Bluff  in 1855. The following year John H. Moorehead began building this inn. It was completed in 1863, and it was the first building constructed in Ida Grove. It is a 1½-story, L-shaped, frame structure with twelve rooms. The building served a variety of purposes in its early days. Two years after Ida County was organized it became the county courthouse and remained so until 1871. The building also housed the post office, as well as religious, educational, and commercial purposes.</p><br>
<p>The Moorehead Stagecoach Inn is now located in Moorehead Pioneer Park, which is under the direction of the Ida County Conservation Board. It is the only historic structure in the park that is on its original site, and is open to the public on Sundays in the summer. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The White County Courthouse is located at Court Square in the center of Searcy, Arkansas, the county seat of White County. It is a two-story structure, built out of stone and brick, with a hip roof capped by an elaborate cupola with clock faces in its bowed roof. The building is roughly H shaped, with wings at the sides that project slightly to the front and rear. The ground floor is faced in dressed stone, while the upper floor is finished in brick. Entrance is made through an arcade of rounded arches, which support a Greek pedimented temple projection that has four fluted Corinthian columns. The courthouse was built in 1871 and enlarged by the addition of the wings in 1912. In addition, repairs were conducted by the Civil Works Administration in 1933.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Alvin Bushnell Bell House  is a historic house located at 310 Quimby Street in Ida Grove, Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Alvin Bell was a native of Indiana and moved to Ida County, Iowa in 1880. He was initially engaged in farming before he moved to Ida Grove where he was involved in a successful career in the livestock industry. By 1894, he had started to purchase land that would become the 1,200 acre Bell Ranch. The design of the house reflects one of the "mail order" houses of George Franklin Barber. It was constructed by local builders Thomas and William Bassett, and completed in 1895. The house is a 2½-story frame house in the Queen Anne style. It is capped with a high hipped, cross gabled roof. The exterior features rich exterior ornamentation. Also on the property is one non-contributing structure.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 27, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Francis B. Warnock House is a historical building located in Battle Creek, Iowa, United States. Dr. Warnock was an Iowa native who received his degree from the University of Iowa in 1882. That same year he set up his practice in Battle Creek, and received his certificate from the State Board of Health in 1886. He bought the two lots the house sits on from his brother Samuel in 1883 and 1894. The design of the house reflects one of the mail order houses of George Franklin Barber. It was built by Ida Grove builders Thomas and William Bassett, and completed in 1899. The house is a 2½-story frame house that has a Sioux Falls red granite foundation. It is capped with a hip roof with three gabled sections. The Warnock house is an example of transitional residential architecture and the turn of the 20th-century that combines the Queen Anne and Colonial Revival styles.</p><br>
<p>Nugurun Falls is a small waterfall on West Canungra Creek, a tributary of the Logan River, in Queensland, Australia. The waterfall is located within the Green Mountains section of Lamington National Park, in the Scenic Rim Region, near the resort village of O&#39;reillys. Like other waterfalls in the area, Nugurun Falls is surrounded by dense rainforest.</p><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<p>The word Nugurun is believed to be an Aboriginal word from the Bundjalung language, meaning dingo.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The falls are accessible by the 10.9 km metre maintained Box Forest Circuit walking track from O&#39;reillys, the track is unsuitable for wheelchairs and bicycles, and is a medium-steep level on foot. There are many more waterfalls along the circuit.</p><br>
<p>The Missouri, Iowa & Nebraska Railway Co. Depot-Weldon, also known as Weldon Depot, is a historic structure located in Weldon, Iowa, United States. The Missouri, Iowa, and Nebraska Railway Company  was established in 1870 with the merger of the Alexandria and Nebraska City Railroad Company and the Iowa Southern Railway under the direction of Francis M. Drake. The MI&N decided to extend the line from Corydon, Iowa to Van Wert. J.P. Kline sold the railroad 70 acre of farmland on which the town of Weldon was founded. The railroad began construction of the Weldon Depot in 1880, the same year the town was laid out. The depot was completed the following year. The MI&N was reorganized in 1886 as the Keokuk & Western Railroad. They operated the rail line through Weldon until 1901 when it became part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. Passenger service continued in Weldon until December 1945. The last freight train went through the station in January 1946. The tracks were torn out when the railroad ceased service on the line. The depot was given to the town of Weldon, which maintains it. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The depot is a single-story, frame structure the measures 18.5 by. The building&#39;s original foundation was made up of railroad tie pilings set in the ground. It was replaced in 1989. The exterior walls are composed of vertical barn board and batten siding. It is capped with a gable roof, with wooden brackets under the eaves.</p><br>
<p>Liberty Hall is a historic building located in Lamoni, Iowa, United States. The house, built in 1881, served as the residence of Joseph Smith III when he served as the president and prophet of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints when it was headquartered in Lamoni. Local carpenter Thomas Jacobs built the house in a vernacular Victorian style. Smith left the house in 1906 when the church headquarters transferred to Independence, Missouri. Its name was changed to Liberty Home after 1906 when it became one of two church homes for aged members. In 1926 the house became a part of a church owned Holstein dairy operation, which closed due to the Great Depression in 1932. From 1934 to 1941 it housed a Civilian Conservation Corps office. After its service to the CCC it returned to being a church home for the aged. The church, now known as the Community of Christ, continues to operate the house as a museum. It was restored beginning in 1973 to look the way it did during Smith&#39;s occupancy. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Peoria Warehouse Historic District is a historic industrial district located to the southwest of downtown Peoria, Illinois. The district includes 68 buildings, 59 of which are considered contributing to its historic status; these buildings include warehouses and other industrial structures and were built from the 1880s through the 1920s. The buildings generally have utilitarian designs inspired by the Chicago school and are built with reinforced concrete frames and brick exteriors. Peoria became a significant industrial and shipping center in the late 19th century, and development boomed in the district due to its access to the Illinois River and the citys numerous rail lines. The industries present in the district reflected the citys economy as a whole and included brewing and distillery, the manufacture of farm implements, and iron and steel production.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 2014.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office and Courthouse, located at 100 Northeast Monroe Street in Peoria, Illinois, is a USA district courthouse for the Central District of Illinois. The building was constructed in 1937-38; it has a PWA Moderne design, a variant of Moderne architecture commonly used in Public Works Administration projects. Louis A. Simon, the Supervising Architect at the time, provided the plans for the building, while Howard Lovewell Cheney was the architect of record. The courthouse has a monumental granite exterior with limestone decorations; these decorations include bas-relief panels sculpted by Freeman L. Schoolcraft above its Main Street entrance. The buildings interior features painted ceilings, St. Genevieve marble walls, and patterned terrazzo floors. In addition to serving as a federal courthouse, the building also housed Peorias main post office until 1981.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 24, 2012.</p><br>
<p>Box Log Falls is a large waterfall on West Canungra Creek, a tributary of the Logan River, in Queensland, Australia. The waterfall is located within the Green Mountains section of Lamington National Park, in the Scenic Rim Region, near the resort village of O&#39;reillys. Like other waterfalls in the area, Box Log Falls is surrounded by dense rainforest, especially a large Brush Box stand.</p><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<p>Box Log refers to a large stand of Brush Box trees that are found close to the falls. The Aboriginal name for the falls is Tullerigumai, which is from the Bundjalung language, meaning log big.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The falls are accessible by the 10.9 km maintained Box Forest Circuit walking track from O&#39;reillys. The track is unsuitable for wheelchairs and bicycles, and is a medium-steep level on foot. There are many other waterfalls along the circuit.</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Bennington Historic District encompasses the historic commercial heart of Bennington, Vermont. Centered on the junction of Main, South, and North Streets, it exhibits a variety of commercial architectural styles from the early 19th to mid-20th century. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and was enlarged in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Bennington&#39;s historic downtown extends along United States Route 7 (North and South Streets), from Elm Street in the south to the Walloomsac River in the north, and along Vermont Route 9, from a short way west of its junction with US 7 to Silver Street. It includes a broad diversity of commercial, civic, and cultural buildings, dating mainly from the second quarter of the 19th century to the early 20th century. Prominent civic buildings are the town hall (an 1846 Greek Revival building), the county courthouse (1936, Colonial Revival), and the Old Bennington Post Office (1914, Classical Revival, now the police station).</p><br>
<p>The town of Bennington is the largest town in southwestern Vermont, and is one of two shire towns of Bennington County. It has long been a civic and economic center of the region, and was the first town to receive an official charter in what is now the state of Vermont. That charter was issued in 1749 by Benning Wentworth, the colonial governor of New Hampshire, who sought to establish his provinces claim to the area. The towns original center was on a nearby hill (at what is now called Old Bennington), and grew economically around a crossroads (now US 7 and VT 9). This area flourished in the 19th century because of the water power provided by the Walloomsac River to its industries, its rise in political importance cemented in the 1870s with the construction of a new courthouse. Bennington&#39;s industrial economic success continued in the 20th century, and the town retains an economically diversivied economy.</p><br>
<p>The Dalton Woodson House is a historic house at 107 West Arch Avenue in Searcy, Arkansas. It is a single-story brick building, in a picturesque interpretation of English Revival architecture. It is a side gable roof that extends across a porte-cochere with an arched opening, set next to a similar arched opening providing access to a recessed secondary entry. A cross gable extends across the centers of these two arches, and there is a smaller and steeper arch above the main entrance, which is set between the right arch and a chimney with stepped stone shoulders. The house was built in 1929, and is one of the city&#39;s finest examples of English Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The J.J. McClung House is a historic structure located in Garden Grove, Iowa, United States. A native of Ohio, James Johnson McClung moved to Garden Grove in 1879. He owned and operated a livery and dray business, where he carried the mail from the train to the post office for 53 years. With the advent of the automobile, he built the first service station in Decatur County in 1925. The house was built from 1908-1909 by Wiley Sells of Leon, Iowa and remained in the McClung family for 80 years. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The McClung house is a 2½-story, frame structure. Lamoni, Iowa architect Charles F. Church designed the house in a combination of the Neoclassical and Colonial Revival styles. The Neoclassical Revival elements include full height entry porch that is supported by paired fluted columns in the Corinthian order. They support a plain entablature and triangular pediment. Other Neoclassical elements include the second story porch treatment, architrave window trim, and fluted pilaster corner boards. The Colonial Revival elements are found in the Palladian windows located in the gable ends, the lunette in the porch pediment, and the scalloped brackets under the eaves.</p><br>
<p>Flanders Block is a historic commercial building in Madelia, Minnesota, United States, built in 1872. From 1872 to 1878 it served as the county seat building of Watonwan County, housing the courthouse, offices, and jail. Flanders Block was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 for having local significance in the theme of politics/government.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Flanders&#39; Block has eight arched windows on the second level. It was originally built with five arched windows on the main level and a conventional storefront in the remaining three bays. At the time of its National Register nomination, the street facades were covered by later remodelings, but the owner subsequently removed the sheathing and restored the original storefront.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city of Madelia was platted in 1857 along the Watonwan River. Watonwan County was established in 1860 and its first county seat was in Madelia. The original courthouse was a wood frame structure, but it was destroyed in a fire. Joseph Flanders, the county&#39;s first registrar of deeds, had just built the two-story building on Main Street. He leased the upper floor for a courtroom, part of the first floor for county offices, and part of the basement for the jail. The Watonwan County Bank occupied the rest of the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The local newspaper was critical of this arrangement. An editorial that appeared in the Madelia Times in 1875 said: One of the evidences of the dictatorial spirit with which J. Flanders attempts to run this county, subservient to his arbitrary will, is evidenced by the manner in which he put the county offices out of possession of the rooms, whose use belongs to the county, and to no one else, for county purposes under a lease of ten years, or so long as it may be needed for said purposes, by the county seat remaining at this place. It is a shame and a disgrace that our county officers should be even asked to vacate the apartments provided for them by the said lease, which was accepted by the county board and put on record, and be moved into another room, which is not well lighted, to suit the caprice of one dictating official, simply that he may use the room which rightfully belongs to the county, to accomplish selfish ends. Still worse than this, however, a part of the officers were not even requested to move, but without being consulted and in their absence, their desks, books and papers were removed.</p><br>
<p>Madelia was unable to hold on to county seat status, however, and in 1878 the government was moved to St. James. In later years, Flanders&#39; Block was home to an International Order of Odd Fellows lodge upstairs, and the main floor has housed various commercial establishments.</p><br>
<p>The Watonwan County Courthouse in St. James, Minnesota, United States, is the seat of government for Watonwan County, in continual use since it was completed in 1896. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 for having state-level significance in the themes of architecture and politics/government. It was nominated for its exemplary Romanesque Revival architecture, its status as one of Minnesota&#39;s remaining monumental Victorian courthouses and as a local landmark, and its longstanding service as county seat.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When Watonwan County was initially created in 1860 the city of Madelia was designated the county seat and a courthouse was built there around 1861. As St. James—a more centrally located community and a division headquarters for the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway—grew, a heated battle for county seat status erupted between the two cities. When the original wood-frame courthouse burned down in 1872, Madelia officials hastily leased space in a recently completed commercial building—Flanders&#39; Block—to avoid losing county seat status. However St. James interests petitioned for a vote on the matter and in 1874 voters approved the move. The first courthouse in St. James was a wood-frame structure built on land donated by the railroad. A new courthouse, the present building, was designed by Mankato architect H.C. Gerlach and built by Mankato contractor Otto Kleinschmidt from 1895 to 1896. The building served as a show of government strength and traditional values in a city that was only 25 years old. It is monumental in size and design, and a county-wide survey of historic properties identified it as one of the most architecturally significant Victorian buildings in the county.</p><br>
<p>The Moghra Oasis is an uninhabited oasis in the northeastern part of the Qattara Depression in the Western Desert of Egypt. It has a 4 km&sup2; lake containing brackish water, salt marshes and a swamp with reeds.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Qattara Depression is about 133 m below sea level and is shaped like a teardrop, with Moghra Oasis in its northeastern corner. The floor of the Depression consists of salt marshes and dry lake beds that flood occasionally and there are also large areas of windblown sand. Moghra Oasis consists of a 4 km&sup2; lake containing brackish water some 38 m below sea level. Adjoining it are salt marshes and some Phragmites swamps. To the south and west there are sand dunes near the lake and extensive sheets of sand beyond. Although the oasis is uninhabited, nomadic Bedouin people visit it during the dry season in search of water for their livestock.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The water rises to the surface from an aquifer in the Nubian sandstone, but its precise source is unclear as the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System is at great depths in this area. Just to the north of the oasis is a cliff which gives its name to the Moghra Formation, a thick layer of clastic sedimentary rocks with some minor carbonate interbeds. This formation contains fossils of vertebrates and plants; large mammals found here include Megistotherium, hyaenodonts and Hyaenaelurus. These fluvial deposits are likely to have come from a river system which opened into the Nile Delta at the Moghra Oasis.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>To the south of the lake, the saltmarsh gradually merges into saline flats largely devoid of vegetation. There are three main species in this plant community, each dominating its own concentric zone; Zygophyllum album, Nitraria retusa and Tamarix nilotica. The most important variables affecting the distribution and structure of the communities are the moisture content of the soil and the salinity.</p><br>
<p>In the outer zone, where the salinity is low and the surface is friable, small scattered plants of Zygophyllum album occur. In the innermost part of this zone the plants are larger and more crowded and they sometimes form hummocks. Here they are associated with T. nilotica, Alhagi maurorum and N. retusa. The next zone is dominated by N. retusa which shows a wide range of tolerances to moisture and salinity conditions. Among sand dunes it forms hummocks and plays an important role in stabilising dunes. In the outer fringes of the zone it is associated with Z. album and T. nilotica while on the inner fringes, where the water table is high but the soil has a low salinity level, the community includes Phragmites australis, Juncus rigidus, Sporobolus spicatus and Z. album. The T. nilotica dominated area forms a scrub community on the outer fringes of the dune zone surrounding the salt flats, where it is associated with A. maurorum, Cressa cretica, N. retusa and Z album. There are a few abandoned groves of date palms in the sandy areas.</p><br>
<p>Sandy Creek Bridge is a covered bridge spanning Sandy Creek near the community of Remote in southwestern Oregon in the United States. The bridge crosses the creek near its mouth on the Middle Fork Coquille River in Coos County.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1921, the bridge carried Oregon Route 42 over the creek until bypassed by a newer bridge in 1949. In 1984, after restoration by volunteers from the Lions Club of Myrtle Point, the structure became a display in a county park at the same site. It is the only remaining covered bridge in Coos County.</p><br>
<p>Special features of the bridge include large side openings and a truss made of two crossed Howe truss members on each chord. The bridge is 60 ft long. It was added the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Sexton Hotel, also known as Hotel Stuart, is a historical building located in Stuart, Iowa, United States. The building is a two-story, L-shaped, brick and brick veneer structure that was built in two parts. The oldest section was a frame building built by John Sexton in 1893 and housed a restaurant. It was moved to the north and the brick hotel wing was built by Sexton in 1907. The older structure, now the north wing of the larger building, was covered with brick veneer. The primary entry into the hotel is located in the canted entrance bay on the southwest corner of the building. There were 28 guest rooms, and the first floor of the north wing housed the dining hall. The first floor also housed a large lobby, the owners quarters, and some of the guest rooms.</p><br>
<p>The hotel served the needs of rail and highway travelers. It sat across the street from the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad depot, which is still standing. Front Street was a part of the first major highway across Iowa known as the "Great White Way", or the "White Pole Road." It later became USA Route 6. In the 1920 the name of the hotel was changed to Hotel Stuart. The hotel became an agent for the Greyhound Bus Lines in 1938. Interstate 80 opened to the south of Stuart in 1960, and took highway traffic away from town. The rail depot also closed. Hotel operations were discontinued in the 1970s, and the building served as an apartment building until 1999. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Zwieselbacher Rosskogel  is a might double peak in the northern Stubai Alps in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Its summit offers a sweeping panorama to the north because no other higher mountains impede the view. To the south, by contrast, the view is restricted by higher summits in the Stubai Alps. The first well known ascent took place on 23 August 1881 by Ludwig Purtscheller accompanied by chamois hunter Franz Schnaiter from Zirl.</p><br>
<h2>Location and surrounding area</h2><br>
<p>The Zwieselbacher Rosskogel is situated in the area of three high valleys: north of the summit is the Kraspes valley (Kraspestal) and, to the east, is the Gleirsch valley (Gleischtal), both side valleys of the Sellrain. To the west of the mountain lies the Zwiselbach valley (Zwiselbachtal), a side valley of the Horlach valley (Horlachtal), which, in turn, opens at Niederthai into the Ötztal valley. From the crest that runs from north to south separating the Zwieselbach and Gleirsch valleys, a side ridge branches off at the Zwieselbacher Rosskogel in a northeasterly direction on which another three-thousander rises just under one kilometre away, the Rotgrubenspitze. On the ridge north of the summit are the peaks of the Weitkarspitzen (up to ) and the Kraspesspitze. On the prominent arête to the south at a distance of about 750 metres is another striking peak, the Gleirscher Rosskogel.</p><br>
<p>Nestling between the ridges that head north and northeast is the small glacier, the Kraspesferner, which had an area of 0.69 km² in 1969, but which has been badly affected by glacial retreat.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent options</h2><br>
<p>A waymarked mountain path runs over the plateau-like col immediately north of the summit between the Zwieselbacher Rosskogel and Weitkarspitzen. This path serves as a crossing from the Schweinfurter Hut in the west and the New Pforzheim Hut in the east. From this saddle the somewhat lower north top (about ), which bears the summit cross, may be reached in just a few minutes. The equally very short crossing from the north summit to the slightly higher south top requires some easy climbing. From either hut one needs about 3 hours in order to gain the summit.</p><br>
<p>Another varied option is an ascent along the southern arête from the col of Gleirscher Jöchl via the Gleirscher Rosskogel. It was on this route that the first climbers, Purtscheller and Schnaiter, reached the top. The most difficult section of the ridge, especially the steep step immediately south of the main peak was made safer in 2010 by members of the Pforzheim Branch of the Alpine Club by the installation of appropriate climbing aids. In addition, th route is marked as the Via Mandani throughout. In spite of the climbing aids the arête, which is rather exposed in places, requires grade II climbing on the UIAA scale.</p><br>
<p>The Zwieselbacher Rosskogel is very popular as a ski tour and there are numerous routes. It is usually approached from the north, from Haggen through the Krapses valley.</p><br>
<p>Windswept is a historic summer cottage at 421 Petit Manan Point Road in Steuben, Maine. Built sometime between 1928 and 1934, it was from 1941 until 1955 the summer home of Mary Ellen Chase , one of Maine&#39;s most important regional writers of the period. It was the inspiration for her bestselling work, Windswept. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Windswept is located in southern Steuben, a coastal community of Down East Maine. It is on the west side of Petit Manan Point near its southern end, set on 5 acre at Yellow Birch Point. The main house is a single story wood frame structure, consisting of two equal-sized gabled sections set parallel to each other and joined by a cross-gabled hyphen. The structure is oriented facing southwest, about 100 ft from the shore, with views over grasses and low blueberry bushes to the Gulf of Maine and the Schoodic Peninsula. A low picket fence creates a courtyard between the wings east of the hyphen, and a wide deck extends across the western facade. The window shutters have pine tree cutouts, and the building exhibits restrained Colonial Revival symmetry. To the northeast of the house is a small barn with attached shed, both of uncertain date. The complex is sheltered to the east by a small copse of trees, through which its access drive passes.</p><br>
<p>Windswept was built sometime between 1928 and 1934 by G. Horton Glover of Florida, and was part of an ultimately unsuccessful effort to develop Petit Manan Point as a summer destination. Mary Ellen Chase, a Maine native who was then a professor at Smith College and already a well-known regional writer, rented the cottage in 1940, and purchased it the following year. In 1941 her novel Windswept was published, and was an immediate success. Chase&#39;s biographers claim that some of her best writing took place here in the following years.</p><br>
<p>The East Arlington Village Historic District encompasses the historic core of a 19th-century village in Arlington and Sunderland, Vermont, USA. It is centered on Old Mill Road, and developed as a mill village beginning in the 18th century. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>East Arlington is located in central eastern Arlington, a town on Vermonts western border with New York, and overlaps slightly into neighboring Sunderland. It is north of Vermont Route 313 and west of United States Route 7, the major north-south route through western Vermont. The village was settled in the 1760s, and is one of the earliest colonial settlements in the state. Settlers were drawn by the water power provided by Peters Branch and Warm Brook, which powered the areas industries into the early 20th century. The village was bypassed by the railroad (which runs to the west, by Arlingtons central village), and its water power was relatively modest, leading to a decline in industrial activity. In the early 20th century, the Hale Company expanded operations, despite these limitations; portions of its mill complex still survive.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is organized around the villages major roadways, which are East Arlington Street and Ice Pond Road, running roughly east-west, and Warm Brook Road and Old Mill Road, which run generally north-south, with a further extension along Kansas Road into Sunderland to the east. Most of the buildings in the district are Greek Revival in style, an indication of the villages most significant period of growth (in the second quarter of the 19th century), although earlier Federal and later Italianate and Queen Anne styles are also represented. Most of these are vernacular in expression, and a number of buildings have been at leastly partly compromised by the application of 20th-century siding. There is no central common or open green space, a typical feature of many New England villages, and there is only one church, the 1845-48 Greek Revival Congregational Church.</p><br>
<p>The Jim Wright Farmstead Historic District encompasses a well-preserved early 20th-century farmstead in rural White County, Arkansas. The property is located on the south side of Arkansas Highway 258, east of its junction with Arkansas Highway 323, northwest of Bald Knob. It includes a Craftsman style single-story wood frame farmhouse, with a wraparound porch supported by simple Doric columns, a simple wood-frame garage, and a single-story wood frame house for tenant workers. It also includes remnants of the farmsteads first house and barn, silo, and a cattle dipping vat. This land was homesteaded in 1860 by the parents of Jim Wright, who is credited with construction of most of the farmsteads surviving features, which were built between 1924 and 1940.</p><br>
<p>The farmstead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Gleirscher Rosskogel is a mountain in the northern Stubai Alps in the Austrian state of Tyrol. It is not particularly independent, because about 750 metres to the north rises the higher summit of the Zwieselbacher Rosskogel. Formerly the 3,008 spot height on the arête between the two peaks was named as the Gleirscher Rosskogel, and this is still the case on many maps; in which case the present Gleirscher Rosskogel would then be called the Gleirscher Rosskopf. At the top is a small metal summit cross with a plaque inscribed with the present name of the peak and an elevation of.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Gleirscher Rosskogel is situated on the crest between the Zwieselbach valley (Zwieselbachtal) to the west as the Gleirsch valley (Gleirschtal) to the east. The former is a side valley of the Horlach valley (Horlachtal) which opens into the Ötztal below Niederthai. The Gleirsch is a side valley of the Sellrain. The lowest point of the north-south ridge between the Zwieselbacher and Gleirscher Rosskogel is at a height of. Southeast of the summit is the col of Gleischrjöchl, which separates the Gleirscher Rosskogel from the Schartkopf, also called the Samerschlag, and the Zwieselbacher Grießkogel.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent options</h2><br>
<p>The easiest ascent option is via the col of Gleischrjöchl southeast of the summit. This may be reached either from the Schweinfurter Hut to the west or the New Pforzheim Hut to the east. From the col the route runs northwest over a flat arête shoulder to the top. From the Pforzheim Hut it takes about 2½ hours to the top, from the Schweinfurter Hut it is just under 2¾ hours. The whole route from both huts is waymarked.</p><br>
<p>A crossing from the Gleirscher Rosskogel to the Zwieselbacher Rosskogel, 750 metres north, is also possible. The most difficult section of the ridge, especially the steep step immediately south of the main peak was made safer in 2010 by members of the Pforzheim Branch of the Alpine Club by the installation of appropriate climbing aids. In addition, th route is marked as the Via Mandani throughout. In spite of the climbing aids the arête, which is rather exposed in places, requires grade II climbing on the UIAA scale.</p><br>
<p>The Gleirscher Rosskogel may also be climbed as part of a ski tour, but is not as popular as its northern neighbour, the Zwieselbacher Rosskogel. The Gleirscher Rosskogel is usually approached from St. Sigmund im Sellrain via the Pforzheimer Hut and the col immediately north of the summit and not via the Gleischrjöchl as in summer.</p><br>
<p>Bull Shoals Caverns is a limestone cavern located in Bull Shoals, Arkansas.</p><br>
<p>The caverns were created approximately 350 million years ago, during the Ordovician period and were carved out by water method. The caverns were formed by water seeping into the cracks of the rocks, gradually enlarging the cracks and dissolving the surrounding rocks. There is an underground river that flows through the caverns.</p><br>
<p>Bull Shoals Caverns has been open since 1958.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Human dwelling was first documented starting 300 B.C. via carbon dating.</p><br>
<p>The first Native Americans to use this cave were the Cliff Walkers which have been inhabiting caves for 10,000 years throughout Central North America as well as other tribes.</p><br>
<p>Early settlers in the late 1800s to early 1900’s would use utilize the caverns as a well cooler aka (refrigerator).</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, Confederate soldiers use the cavern for harvesting saltpeter.</p><br>
<p>In the early to middle 1900s, moonshiners utilized the cavern as a hideout for their stills during Prohibition. Due to a lack of good roads, moonshiners were not bothered by “Revenuers”. During World War II, Bull Shoals Caverns was used for refrigeration by the surrounding neighbors for whiskey and food storage.</p><br>
<p>The Eagle Grove Public Library, now the Eagle Grove Historical Museum, is a historical building in Eagle Grove, Iowa, United States. A subscription library was begun in Eagle Grove around 1885, and housed in the post office. The impetus for the first free public library was a 1901 advertising campaign by a Des Moines insurance and investment company. When local citizens bought company&#39;s bonds, the company</p><br>
<p>donated 250 books to the town. The books were housed in the Masonic Hall. The Carnegie Corporation of New York accepted Eagle Grove&#39;s application for a grant for $10,000 to build a library building on April 26, 1902. It was designed by the Des Moines architectural firm Smith & Gage in the Beaux Arts style. The library was dedicated on September 15, 1903. It is a brick structure with a conical-roofed entrance pavilion. Four engaged columns in the Ionic order flank the main entryway. The public library has subsequently moved to a larger facility, and the old library building was turned over to the local historical society for a museum. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Pilot Grove State Preserve is a historic site located southwest of Williamsburg, Iowa, United States in rural Iowa County. The site is a wooded knoll surrounded by prairie between the North English River and Old Mans Creek. It consists of hickory, oak and walnut trees, along with patches of virgin prairie covered with bluestem, gramma, switch and Indian grasses, and a variety of native prairie wildflowers. There was no other timber in the area during the early years of Iowas settlement, and it was a landmark for the pioneers traveling west across the state. It was given its name because it gave people who traveled to and from Marengo, Iowa a sense of direction. A 4 acre cemetery was established adjacent to the knoll in 1867. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. The property had been owned by the Kelting family, who donated it to the Iowa Conservation Commission so that they could restore it and maintain its mid-19th century condition at the time of Iowa’s pioneer settlement. It was dedicated as a historical state preserve in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Knox County Courthouse, located on the public square of Knoxville near its associated hall of records, is the former county courthouse of Knox County, Illinois. The courthouse was built in 1840 to replace the countys first courthouse; built in 1831 shortly after the countys organization, it had been outgrown by the end of the decade. Architect John Mandeville gave the building its Greek Revival design. The Hall of Records, which was also designed by Mandeville, was added in 1854 to house county records after the courthouse ran out of space for them. The Knox County seat moved to Galesburg in 1873; the courthouse and hall of records subsequenty housed the Knoxville city hall and public library respectively until 1978, when the city government moved to the hall and the courthouse became a museum.</p><br>
<p>The buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 13, 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Pflunspitzen are the highest points in the western Verwall Group in the Austrian Alps, reaching a maximum height of. They lie west of the neighbouring Kaltenberg; the nearest village is Klösterle by Arlberg north of the peaks.</p><br>
<p>The summit block is divided into the south top, the fore top (Vorgipfel), the main summit (Hauptgipfel, ) and the north top. Several routes run from the Reutlinger Hut and the Konstanzer Hut to the summit. The easiest route – climbing grade I – runs from the Reutlinger Hut via the south cold to the south top. Other rotes vary in difficulty between grades III and V and are usually described as scenic rock climbing routes, as is the crossing from the north top to the Kaltenberg (III). The Via Katrin (III to VI) runs up the west face to the main summit.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Peter Pindur, Roland Luzian, Andreas Weiskopf: Alpine Club Guide Verwallgruppe. Bergverlag Rother, 10th edn., Munich, 2005,</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Fox-Stiefel Theater in Salina, Kansas is an Art Deco theater built 1930-1931. It opened in February 1931. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 as the Fox-Watson Theater Building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Fox-Watson Theatre, as it was then called, was opened in late February 1931. The theater was the brain-child of Winfield W. Watson, a local businessman and banker. He led the campaign to bring a movie house to Salina and donated the land for the theater. Fox West Coast Theatres built the art deco style movie house at a cost of $400,000. Boller Brothers, an architectural firm out of Kansas City, Missouri, designed the structure.</p><br>
<p>The opening feature was Not Exactly Gentlemen featuring Fay Wray. The theater was closed in August 1987 by then owners Dickinson Theaters, as competition from Dickinson&#39;s mall theaters made the downtown location unprofitable.</p><br>
<p>The Equinox House Historic District encompasses the historic center of the village of Manchester, Vermont. It includes a small group of civic and commercial buildings around the junction of Main Street  and Union Street, with the luxury Equinox House hotel as its primary focus. The district, developed as a tourist destination in the late 1800s, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and enlarged in 1980. It is a small portion of the Manchester Village Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Manchester is a town in northern Bennington County, Vermont, with its village center on the east side of Equinox Mountain. The heart of the village is at the junction of Vermont 7A, formerly the major north-south route through the area, and Union Street, which extends east toward the Battenkill River. The area has long been known for the spa waters that came down from the mountain, and has since the mid-19th century been a tourist destination. The Equinox Hotel, one of Vermont&#39;s few surviving 19th-century grand hotels, anchors the west side of the village, and has catered to many prominent visitors over its long history. Prominent guests included Mary Todd Lincoln and her son Robert, who later built the Hildene estate to the south, and Ulysses S. Grant.</p><br>
<p>Across Main Street from the hotel, facing either Main Street or Union Street, are a number of civic and commercial buildings, all built before 1872. Notable among these are the First Congregation Church, built in 1871 and the town&#39;s tallest building, and the Bennington County Courthouse (1822). Of commercial note is the Orvis Building, where in 1856 Charles Orvis founded the eponymous company that dominates the fly-fishing market. A number of the buildings in the center are associated with the Orvises, who were an economically significant force in the town for many years.</p><br>
<p>The Equinox Hotel was listed on the National Register in 1972. In 1980 the listing was enlarged to include the other buildings; all of these are also contributing elements to the Manchester Village Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Tours amphitheater  is a Roman amphitheatre located in the historic city center of Tours, France, immediately behind the well known Tours cathedral. It was built in the 1st century when the city was called Caesarodunum. It was built atop a small hill on the outskirts of the ancient urban area, making it safe from floods, convenient for crowds and visitors, and demonstrating the power of the city from a distance. The structure was an enormous, elliptical structure approximately 122 meters by 94 meters. According to its design it is classified as a "primitive" amphitheatre. Unlike the famous Colosseum that was made mostly of masonry and built above-ground, the Tours amphitheatre was made mostly of earth and created by moving soil and rock into a bowl shape. Spectators likely sat directly on the grassy slopes, while the masonry was primarily used for the vomitoria and retaining walls.</p><br>
<p>When it was expanded in the 2nd century (to 156 m X 134 m), it became one of the largest structures (among the top ten) in the Roman Empire. It is not clear why the amphitheater was expanded given the population and slow growth of the city at the time. About a century later, this expanded amphitheatre was transformed into a fortress, with an addition of a rampart style wall, typical during the decline of Roman Empire. It gradually fell into ruin during the Middle Ages and canonical houses were built upon it and gradually concealed it. The vomitoria were at some point transformed into cellars.</p><br>
<p>The amphitheater was then completely forgotten until the 19th century, when it was rediscovered (1855). Evidence such as the layout of the streets and radiating lots of the district drew attention to its existence. Surveys and terrain analyses in the 1960s gathered further data on the cellars of the houses which were previously built on the amphitheater walls. Over the past decade, more in-depth studies of the topography and architecture have taken place and are changing the theories and opinions surrounding this monument.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the amphitheater are not protected as historic sites directly; however, some of the houses built upon it are registered as historical monuments. The ruins of the amphitheater are significant as they are among the oldest known ruins in the city and offer clues about the early history and development of the area.</p><br>
<h2>In the ancient city</h2><br>
<h3>Tours at the height of the Roman Empire</h3><br>
<p>The city of Tours (known as Caesarodunum in Roman times) was established in the valley between Loire and Cher rivers, probably during the reign of Augustus or Tiberius (between 10 BC and 30 AD). The ancient city was at least 80 hectares in size and heavily populated along the Loire River. Discoveries thus far indicate that it had at least one temple, two spas, two aqueducts, bridges and an amphitheater. The city reached its peak at the height of the Roman Empire in the second century before shrinking, during the decline of the Western Roman Empire to the area in and around a Roman castrum whose amphitheater is one of the structural parts.</p><br>
<h3>Site</h3><br>
<p>The amphitheater was built in the suburbs at the northeast part of the ancient city, immediately southeast of the existing cathedral. The choice of this site corresponds to both the urban planning of the time and the layout of the land. Archaeologists believe the amphitheater was built on a natural sedimentary rock hill, which minimized masonry work by having it partially built into the rock. Being the middle of a low-lying flood plain, this also provided flood protection. The urban planning was such that the amphitheater had to accommodate large numbers of spectators, from within and outside the city and had to allow space for crowds around the monument. Given the size of this initial urban footprint, it is estimated that the population of the city was about 6000 people when the amphitheatre was constructed. The high ground upon which the amphitheater was built also allowed for the demonstration of wealth and power from a distance, a characteristic that was considered very important in the urban planning decisions of the Roman Empire.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Studies conducted up to the late 1970s presented an image of a monument that was relatively homogeneous in its construction, built in a single period (early second century). Research of the twenty-first century, however has presented a different picture. The current theory is that the amphitheater was originally built in the first century and then altered at two separate times; first it was altered by expansion in the second century creating an amphitheatre almost twice the size. It was again altered in the third century, permanently transforming it into a fortification. This fortification would then serve as a starting point for an even larger enclosed area, known as a castrum, that would be built around 350 A.D.</p><br>
<h3>Original structure</h3><br>
<p>Note the basic arc and the top of a pier (molded marquee).</p><br>
<p>The Tours amphitheater is classified as a "primitive" amphitheatre, based on its design, not necessarily its age. It is as large as the amphitheatres in Samarobriva (Amiens), Octodurus (Martigny, Switzerland) or Emerita Augusta (Mérida, Spain). Another characteristic these amphitheatres share is that the cavea is not contained in the radiating walls and arches, as is seen in the Nîmes Arena, but rather within an outside embankment that slopes towards the arena. In Tours, the excavation of land in the arena during the original construction helped form this embankment. Spectators likely sat directly on the grassy slope of the embankment, but it is possible wooden bleachers (yet to be discovered) may have been used. Another primitive feature is the lack of stone steps and minimal masonry employed. For example, masonry was primarily used for the outer wall, the arena wall, galleries or vomitoria, and some radiating retaining walls.</p><br>
<p>The dimensions of this pseudo-elliptical amphitheater in the first phase of its existence, are valued at 112 meters for the major axis and 94 meters for the minor axis. Its estimated area is 8,270 meters2. This is based on research as of 2017. The dimensions of the arena were approximately 68 meters by 50 meters with an area of 2670 m2. The 5600 m2 of the cavea could accommodate at least 14,000 spectators. The structure had eight vomitoria, four of which were the primary entrances and allowed access at the arena level as well as a higher level of the cavea. The other four were secondary, leading to the middle part of the cavea via stairs. The north and south vomitoria had a vault height of about 7.5 meters and a width of 4.9 meters; vomitoria on the west were smaller, measuring only 6.8 meters high and 2.5 meters wide. There were likely eight additional entrances, as it likely had a double exterior staircase at the front of the amphitheater similar to the amphitheatre of Pompeii. The orientation of the amphitheater was deliberately aligned with the city&#39;s street plan: its minor axis continues towards the west, along the Decumanus Maximus of the city, while its long axis is parallel to Cardo.</p><br>
<p>The entrances were paired vomitoria assembled into large blocks with sharp joints, the piers were topped with molded capitals that support a semicircular arch. The ramparts of Tours, made later during the falling Roman Empire, has many blocks that were likely reused from the amphitheater facade. The rest of the masonry of the walls and vaults of the amphitheater, was likely built from small rubble limestone cement (opus vittatum) without inclusion of terracotta, enclosing the stone blocks in concrete.</p><br>
<p>The construction dates back to the second half of the first century, or at least fifty years after the founding of Caesarodunum (Tours). It was at this time that most ancient monuments of Tours were likely built. This is based on the comparison of the architectural elements of the amphitheater of Tours and those of Amiens, Autun or Saintes, three monuments which have been precisely dated.</p><br>
<h3>Expansion</h3><br>
<p>(A) the first century vault.</p><br>
<p>(B) the second century vault.</p><br>
<p>(C) medieval recovery.</p><br>
<p>The characteristics of the masonry (e.g. wall thickness was only 1.4 meters) indicate that the amphitheatre was in expanded in the second half of the second century. While the overall dimensions of the amphitheater exceeded 156 × 134 meters, the size of the arena itself did not change. The capacity, however, more than doubled, having increased to allow for about 34,000 spectators. In this configuration, the amphitheater was extended in its southwestern part, beyond the existing retaining wall of the Général-Meusnier Street, thought to be the outer wall of the structure. The height of the amphitheater was estimated to be about 25 to 28 meters in the 1970s. More recent discoveries, however suggest this values is closer to between 15 and 18 meters.</p><br>
<p>There are numerous hints that show that the expansion was a renovation project. For example, the width and height of the main vomitoria vary significantly at the junction of two phases of work; two half-diameter reinforcements were built on either side of the entrances to increase the load bearing capacity (see Fig. 1), given the increased height (and weight) along the edge where the mass backfill rose sharply.</p><br>
<p>These construction features have been identified, in several points of the amphitheater and it is not yet possible to say if this same pattern occurred to the entire monument.</p><br>
<p>(A) Limitations of the original amphitheater.</p><br>
<p>In the background, the vomitorium of the first century (the staircase is medieval); right, a decorated pier adorning its entrance. The extension of the second century, is visible in the foreground.</p><br>
<p>During the expansion, the external staircases of the original amphitheater were found embedded in the new embankment. Without being abandoned, they may have been vaulted and connected to the main vomitoria, becoming intermediate steps. Secondary vomitoria do not appear to have been extended to the new facade by corridors, but they may have been connected to a circular gallery on the ground floor. There is no direct evidence that new outside stairs were placed against the front wall, however there is indirect evidence to suggest that there were once stairs. For example, the cutaway front is attributed to towers made at the time of construction of the castrum. Also, the front wall seems devoid of any decorative element, based on the few remains available for observation.</p><br>
<h3>Fortification added</h3><br>
<p>(A) annular wall fortification.</p><br>
<p>Below dotted line: the exposed foundation. Above dotted line: the fortified wall.l</p><br>
<p>Red original amphitheater (first century)</p><br>
<p>Green: expanded amphitheater (second century)</p><br>
<p>Violet: fortification wall (third century).</p><br>
<p>In the second half or towards the end of the third century, the upper part of the cavea was 8 meters above the level of the arena. An annular wall was constructed without the use of quoin tiling and without large recycled stone blocks (from other dismantled buildings) included in its foundations. It was therefore constructed prior to the castrum, who saw these techniques implemented. The stone mixture of the wall was comparable to the enlarged amphitheater, however the wall obliterated some of its structures, indicating it was made after those structures. With a thickness of 3.5 meters and a height probably above the level of the cavea, the defensive wall was placed continuous along the entire on the embankment.</p><br>
<p>This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the side vomitoria and indoor stairs were completely blocked, leaving the main vomitoria as the only access to the arena (facilitating defence). Moreover, there was a defensive moat preceded by a counterscarp, dated from the second half of the third century and dug at the foot of the amphitheater. While the remains were discovered in the southeast part of the structure, it was probably completely encircled the amphitheatre. Its maintenance ceased with the building of the castrum.</p><br>
<p>Comparable stone masonry, dating from the same period, exist in Avenches (Switzerland), Lillebonne and the arenas of Senlis. In each case the massive character of a monument, theater or amphitheater, was converted into a fort and offered temporarily shelter to nearby residents in case of attack. This would have been far less labour-intensive than building a fort from scratch.</p><br>
<p>This construction was definitely spread out over a period of several months, likely in response to a deterioration of some kind with the security and safety of the city inhabitants. The inhabitants at the time would have known that this was a permanent change to the amphitheater, rendering it ineffective in its original function of displaying performances.</p><br>
<h3>Transformation into castrum</h3><br>
<p>In a context of growing insecurity and retreat from the city to the more densely settled neighborhoods near the Loire River, Caesarodunum, which gradually took on the name of Civitas Turonorum around 360 A.D. and rose to the rank of capital city of the Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis, and built the defensive wall, usually referred to as a castrum. This castrum was built around the same time as first Tours cathedral (located in the castrum, at the south-west angle).</p><br>
<p>(A) The Loire River.</p><br>
<p>The evidence from excavations carried out in different points of the enclosure of the castrum and systematic reviews of previous work show that outer wall was well constructed against the amphitheater and extended from its location. Many clues support this thesis. For example, the amphitheater is situated exactly in the middle of the south wall. Also the west, south and east vomitoria, which were outside the defended area, remained in service and may have been converted into a formal castrum entrance as was the case in Trier. Moreover, the main path leading to the west vomitorium (similar to the decumanus maximus of the city in the first century, the street location of Scellerie) continues outside the castrum and serves as an alignment to the south castrum wall. Already naturally well defended by its high structure during its conversion in the third century, the amphitheater was did not have an apron wall during the construction of the castrum: no additional protection wall is plastered on the outer surface.</p><br>
<p>Other cities of Gaul have also used their amphitheater as a defensive element of an enclosure during the 3rd century. For example, the amphitheaters of Périgueux, Amiens, Metz and Trier, were ideal for conversion into a fortification. What is striking in the case of Tours is the perfectly symmetrical positioning of the amphitheater in the heart of the new town plans and the geometry of the enclosure, only disturbed by the Loire River which washed the base of the north wall.</p><br>
<h3>Disappearance during the Middle Ages</h3><br>
<p>In the ninth century, a section of the front of the amphitheater that had long since collapsed, was repaired with large blocks borrowed from a public building, probably located in the castrum, which had stood since the height of the Roman Empire and also towers may have been built against the front of the amphitheater in the southern half during this time. These projects were likely on the orders of Charles the Bald who, in 869, ordered that the walls of several cities, including Tours are repaired to protect against the Norman raids. A charter of Charles the Simple dated 919 mentions the amphitheater, in the context of a land exchange in a place called "Arenas" (the Arena). This is the last explicit mention of the presence of the amphitheatre, the ruins of which were perhaps still visible in the undeveloped part of the city.</p><br>
<p>The development of the canonical quarter in the Middle Ages lead to the use of the amphitheatre substructures to support the foundations and cellars of canon houses. These homes were reserved for the canons of the Cathedral Chapter from 1250 A.D. (the time of construction of the new Gothic cathedral), until the French Revolution. At that time, former vomitoria, that were then mainly underground, were transformed into cellars and partitioned by walls, their length, their width and sometimes even in their height, leading to several levels of basements. The development of the area becomes apparent, however, still with a lot of open spaces (two documents of the thirteenth century mentioned vineyards and stables). Despite the conversion of vomitoria as basements, no further reference is made to the ancient monument as the whole area is finally slowly consumed by homes and the remains of the amphitheater were no longer visible.</p><br>
<p>After the Revolution, the houses in the neighborhood were no longer reserved for canons, however the topography had undergone only very slight modifications since. If the walls of the houses were partially removed, the foundations would essentially remain in place. The amphitheater was completely forgotten up until the nineteenth century, but was rediscovered in 1855 thanks to the actions undertaken by the Archaeological Society of Touraine.</p><br>
<h2>Unanswered questions</h2><br>
<p>Uncertainties still remain about the appearance of the building, its structure and precise dimensions. Beyond these architectural unknown, there are other questions that also remain.</p><br>
<p>The nature of the shows held by the Tours amphitheater is not known with certainty. It can be assumed that, like the other arenas of the Roman Empire, including Gaul, that there were gladiator fights (as was the case in Bourges) and executions of convicts (as occurred in Lyon or in Trier). No stone inscription, text, or other clues have been discovered that could provide answers.</p><br>
<p>The rationale for the construction of such a large structure in a medium-sized city, has been debated since the 1970s and is still not known. While the amphitheater&#39;s capacity more than doubled, no known event warranted such an effort. In fact, some evidence suggests that the population of Caesarodonum (Tours) had stopped growing by that time. In its final state, the amphitheater of Tours was among the greatest of the Roman Empire with dimensions comparable structures of Autun, Italica (Spain), Capua (Italy) and Carthage (Tunisia); cities whose political weight and height significantly overshadowed those of Caesarodonum. One theory was a desire for emulation among the Gallo-Roman cities, and that they were eager to show their power by building larger, higher, ediface as a civitas.</p><br>
<p>Finally, the source of financing, building, and maintaining such a structure remains an enigma. Spectacular monuments of the time were frequently offered to towns by wealthy citizens, who had financed the construction, however this practice of euergetism in Tours has not been proven thus far by any source. Moreover, during this period of slow economic growth it is difficult to determine who had the finances necessary for this costly project and who would ultimately benefit from such an undertaking.</p><br>
<h2>Remains and research</h2><br>
<p>An aerial view over the city and streets provides the best overview of the amphitheater of Tours. Rue Manceau ("Manceau Street") descends from the edge of the old cavea from the southeast to the arena and divides it. Rue du Général-Meusnier follows the curve of the amphitheater, from the northwest part to the southeast. The rue Racine and the rue de la Bazoche form a tangential straight line at the north-west and north-east points of the monument&#39;s perimeter. Examination of cadastral maps, Napoleonic (1836 A.D.) or modern is even more suggestive, as parcesl of land display a radiant profile and emphasizes the layout of the amphitheater. Similarly, the part corresponding to the cavea was almost entirely developed prior to the development of the large plot of land remaining at the ancient arena.</p><br>
<p>The difference in height between rue de la Porte-Rouline and rue du Général- Meusnier (approximately 5 meters), which is best viewed behind the Studios cinemas, demonstrates the minimum height of the amphitheatre. In fact, the height of the amphitheater was certainly much higher but the centuries have worn down a part of the step and gradually leveled the monument with the accumulation of debris at its foot.</p><br>
<p>Close examination of the remains of the building (Figure II) requires access to private property in the neighborhood and their cellars, however, behind the Departmental Archives building, a court allows public access to the front wall of the enlarged amphitheater. The massive nature of the amphitheater may explain the scarcity of the remains, and this scarcity has contributed to the preservation of the remaining masonry embedded in the embankment.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the Tours Gallo-Roman amphitheater is listed in Table I. As of 2014, none of these remains were subject to protection as a historical monument, or by registration or by classification. The protective measures mentioned in references in the table apply only to the height, roofs or the decoration of the houses concerned, but not to their foundations, which are seated on the ruins of the amphitheater. These are, however, preserved by the town&#39;s conservation area. Similarly, the perimeter and the Cathedral area, of which the amphitheater is part, is a historic site under the Law of 2 May 1930, and by the Decree of June 7, 1944.</p><br>
<p>Red proven remains</p><br>
<p>Gray: predicted plot.</p><br>
<p>rue Gal Meusnier (Tours).jpgLa rue du Général-Meusnier as seen from the north-west.</p><br>
<p>Amphi Tours arène3.pngLa rue Manceau as seen from the north-west. The arena indicated in red.</p><br>
<p>Porte Rouline (Tours).jpgLa rue de la Porte-Rouline as seen from the south.</p><br>
<p>Amphi archevêché.jpgThe terrace of the archbishop.</p><br>
<p>hauteur amphi 2 (Tours).jpgThe courtyard of Studio cinemas</p><br>
<p>The Vorderseespitze is a mountain in the Lechtal Alps, Tyrol, Austria. At it is the eighth highest peak in the Lechtal Alps. The Lech Valley Ridgeway  runs over its southeastern flank from Kaiserjochhaus to the Ansbacher Hut. According to the literature it was first climbed in 1855 by locals from Kaisers in the Lech Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Summit block</h2><br>
<p>The Vorderseespitze is made from the sedimentary rock, main dolomite and is the highest main dolomite summit of the Northern Limestone Alps. On its northeast flank lies the little, tongue-shaped and heavily crevassed Vorderseeferner, the largest glacier of the Lechtal Alps. The mountain is separated from the Aperriesspitze by the Hinterseejoch. To the west of this saddle, in a cirque, lies the lake of Hintersee, east of the col is lake of Vordersee which gives the mountain its name. The neighbouring peak to the north is the Feuerspitze.</p><br>
<h2>Base and tours</h2><br>
<p>The base for an ascent is the Ansbacher Hut at 2,376 metres. The normal route, the easiest climb, runs either along the north arête, according to the literature at climbing grade II, or up the northeast flank, also at UIAA grade II. An ascent along the east arête is slightly more difficult. The journey time is generally 3½ hours from the Ansbacher Hut. The northeast flank is also possible as an extreme ski tour.</p><br>
<h2>Literature and map</h2><br>
<p>Dieter Seibert: Alpine Club guide Lechtaler Alpen, Munich, 2002,</p><br>
<p>Alpine Club map 1:25,000, Sheet 3/3, Lechtaler Alpen, Parseierspitze</p><br>
<p>The Knox County Jail, located on the public square in Knoxville, is a former county jail used by Knox County, Illinois. Built in 1845, the jail was the second used in the county; it replaced a log jail which was thought to be insufficiently secure. Contractor Alvah Wheeler built the two-story brick building for $7,724. The county&#39;s only official hanging was conducted at the jail in 1873, when John M. Osborne was executed for the murder of Adelia Matthews; several hundred people came to watch his execution. Later in the same year, the county seat and the jail were both moved to Galesburg; the Knoxville jail is now part of the Knox County Museum.</p><br>
<p>The jail was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 13, 1992.</p><br>
<p>The E.J. Baird House is a historic building located in Millersburg, Iowa, United States. Baird was a prominent citizen here in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He grew very wealthy through his involvement in commerce, banking, and farming. Baird operated a very successful general store in Millersburg, which was the primary source of his income. His 2½-story frame house is an outstanding example of Victorian "pattern book" architecture, with influences from the Victorian Gothic, Queen Anne, and Eastlake styles. The Victorian Gothic is found in the vergeboard on the gable ends. The Queen Anne style is found in the two-story projecting bay that is capped with a pyramid-shaped roof. The Eastlake influence is more dominant than the others. Its decorative influence is found in the sunburst on the projecting front dormer, the decorative brackets along the eaves, and the large porch with its lattice-like base, spindle balustrades, and turned posts. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Fred G. Turner House, also known as Valley View Farm, is a historic building located in rural Iowa County, Iowa near the town of North English. Turner moved to this area with his family in 1866. He married in 1893 and inherited the family farm. By 1899 the farm included 500 acre. In addition to farming, Turner was involved in politics, serving on the local school board, two terms in the Iowa House of Representatives, and as a county supervisor. The farm remained in the family until 1959. Although a free classic Queen Anne house is unusual in rural Iowa, this house is one of four in the immediate area. It was designed and built by local contractor Leslie Roller. The house features a pyramid hipped roof, lower cross gables, an irregular plan, corner turret, contrasting use of wood shingles on the gable and turret, and an asymmetrical porch. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
